<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:large"><p class="gmail-lead">75 years after its foundation, the World Health
Organization (WHO) seems to be in need of reform in many places. What
steps need to be taken?</p><div class="gmail-mb-6"><div id="gmail-c70903" class="gmail-frame gmail-frame-default gmail-frame-type-text gmail-frame-layout-0"><p class="gmail-lead">By Dr Andreas Wulf, Medico International and PHM<br></p><p>The
iconic World Health Organization (WHO) headquarters above Lake Geneva,
overlooking the Mont Blanc massif, has been a major construction site
for some time now; new parts of the building are currently being
constructed here. The hall where the Executive Board comprising 34
rotating Member States normally meets twice a year is also in need of
renovation. A situation that is not just very inconvenient for
delegates, but that also limits the presence of independent
organisations, the “non-state actors in official relations with WHO”
(NSA). These are actors like the People’s Health Movement, Health Action
International and the Geneva Global Health Hub, which medico
international has had ties with for many years. Their delegations have
been radically downsized due to the modernisation of the WHO
Secretariat. Direct contact with the delegates has also been heavily
curbed due to the remodelling. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the plenary
sessions have at least been livestreamed; the more important
negotiations, of course, continue to take place behind closed doors.</p><h3>Cooperation and “multistakeholderism”</h3><p>The
cooperation between the 75-year-old multilateral institution, where the
Member States call the shots, and a civil society that is committed to
critically commenting on and influencing the health policies of the
states and their world organisation, is one of the standing issues at
these negotiations. The few opportunities for the NSAs to take the floor
on agenda items were already cut back to one minute at previous
meetings. The WHO’s current proposal after five years of consultations
to put in place a Civil Society Commission at the Secretariat is at
least a further step towards accommodating those who not only criticise
the WHO but also defend it against attempts to gain influence through
commercial and profit-oriented interests.</p><p>For as much as the WHO,
in the 75th year of its existence, formally refers to its role as the
“directing and coordinating authority” in global health policy, as was
established in 1948, and bases its authority on the membership of almost
all states in the world (194 currently), this role has long been
jeopardised by the process of “multistakeholderism” as people like to
call the modern form of a political “governance” that involves all
interest groups, so “stakeholders”, in the decision-making processes,
mostly without the inclusion of fundamental conflicts of interest that
exist, for instance, between actors whose (private) interests require
regulation and actors who are supposed to put in place such (public)
rules.</p><h3>Challenges during the pandemic</h3><p>The most recent and
certainly most drastic example of a conflict of this kind was the
inability of states at the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to agree on
the temporary suspension of intellectual property rights for health
products needed in response to COVID-19 (vaccines, medicines,
diagnostics, personal protective equipment, medical technology). The
huge pressure from industry contributed to this in a major way,
leveraging the world’s reliance on its products. The latest revelations
about price hikes for mRNA vaccines for the European Union in the course
of 2021 by Moderna and Pfizer/Biontech, as well as the announcements
from the US that prices would be increased again 4 to 5-fold once the
pandemic was “officially” over, make these power relations all too
clear. They secured profit margins for the companies involved that one
suspects are otherwise only achieved by state-funded arms manufacturing
and illegal drug trafficking.</p><p>So it is no accident that in the
first draft of a new “Pandemic Preparedness Treaty” currently being
negotiated under the umbrella of the WHO and which numerous civil
society actors have contributed to, access to health products and the
regulation of intellectual property rights in the event of a pandemic
loom large. The coming months will reveal how much of this will be
forfeited again in the course of the negotiations by governments
standing firmly on the side of “their” pharmaceutical and medical
technology companies (with the German Federal Government being
particularly prominent here). A critical public - as was mobilised
globally during the pandemic, but which ultimately was unable to exert
any real sway on patent decisions at the WTO – will remain important.</p><p>The
position and influence of the WHO Secretariat and the current
Director-General (DG) Dr Tedros as the directly elected boss of the
organisation is as ambivalent in this regard as it is with other
controversial global health issues. As former chair of a number of
prominent public-private partnerships (PPPs) in global health, the
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the Roll Back
Malaria Partnership and the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child
Health, Tedros is firmly on the side of this partnership concept of
multistakeholderism. And as the top fundraiser of his organisation, he
has to be on good terms with the major donors: not just with the rich
Member States, which pay for a large part of the WHO budget, but also
with the philanthropic foundations (Gates, Buffett, Rotary
International), which make key parts of the WHO’s work possible in the
first place thanks to the additional funding they provide, but which
also have their sights firmly on their own priorities and (like the
Gates Foundation) are also actively involved in steering the big PPPs.</p><p>At
the same time, Tedros also has a special obligation towards those
governments of the global South which, in a highly symbolic move,
elected him as the first African Director-General in the crucial
first-time vote at the World Health Assembly in 2017. Previously, such
decisions had first been adopted in the smaller circle of the Executive
Board and de facto just confirmed by the Assembly.</p><p>And so, during
the pandemic, he never tired of criticising the rich countries for
practically going it alone in procuring and supplying first masks and
tests and then vaccines, going so far as to speak of
“vaccine[1]apartheid”. However, this also brought into sharp relief how
weak the seemingly “leading” WHO actually is. Its initiative to do away
with this unequal access with a Covid-19 Technology Access Pool right at
the start of the pandemic was woefully neglected, supported only by a
few small states and openly boycotted by the pharmaceutical companies.
And the mRNA Vaccine Technology Transfer Hub, which the WHO has been
building with local institutions in South Africa since 2021 and which is
designed to share knowledge and technology via a network of
collaborating companies faces equally clear resistance.</p><p>WHO also
played a supporting role in setting up the Access to COVID-19 Tools
Accelerator (ACT-A) in the spring of 2020, which came into the media
spotlight mainly through its vaccine procurement pillar COVAX. Large
PPPs such as the Global Fund, Gavi (vaccines) or the Wellcome Trust
(therapeutics), among others, were responsible for procuring and
distributing products to countries. COVAX in particular was soon
juggling billions of US dollars. WHO was left to assume the thankless
task of “health system strengthening”, which hardly any funds were made
available for, but which was pivotal to the speed of vaccination
programmes in many countries. It had an important role in testing the
efficacy and safety of the vaccines, medicines and diagnostics purchased
and distributed by the ACT-A. Its recommendations on the globally
equitable distribution of the initially scarce vaccines, on the other
hand, were deliberately ignored, whilst the rich countries hoarded
vaccine and only generously let their surplus doses be distributed
through COVXAX from the second half of 2021 onwards as a charitable
gesture that looked good in the media.</p><h3>Conflicts between Member States</h3><p>The
supposedly strong WHO is also caught right in the middle on other
issues: for instance, when its members use the WHO stage to argue
amongst themselves. The COVID-19 pandemic was again just the most
visible tip of this: the open conflict between the US Trump
administration and the People’s Republic of China over the questions of
timely information on and the origin of the virus (wild animals or
research laboratory) – at its core a bilateral conflict over economic
clout and regional/global influence - was answered by China with a
stubborn insistence on its national sovereignty. The WHO attempted to
counter this with the traditional diplomatic charm offensives, but
increased the ire of Trump in the process, who threatened to quit the
WHO and cut off US funding, which luckily was prevented by his failure
to secure re-election at the end of 2021.</p><p>Another example of
conflict between individual Member States is how the issue of sexual and
reproductive health/rights is handled. Here, positions vary
particularly drastically and are expressed in the struggle over the
inclusion of concepts such as “sexual education” and the mention of
“sexual minorities” as target groups of prevention measures. The Russian
delegation, for instance, bemoans “provocations” in official texts,
also in an attempt to forge alliances that additionally help it defend
itself against criticism on the war it is waging in Ukraine, for
instance when the “Western alliance” condemns the attacks on civilian
and health infrastructure in the plenary speeches and resolutions.</p><h3>Huge dependencies</h3><p>In
all these dilemmas, the WHO remains diplomatically trapped. It is de
facto a “servant” of its Member States, which decide the WHO’s work
programme and funding. Especially since the WHO has no means whatsoever
to compel its members to implement the very rules they have signed off
on themselves. This became dramatically apparent during the pandemic, as
exemplified by the International Health Regulations, when WHO
recommendations on preparing for or combating the pandemic and against
border closures were openly ignored by many.</p><p>So the WHO is
courting important states in other ways, for instance in new “signature
projects”. The Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence Hub established in
2021 to improve the dovetailing of data collections for pandemic
monitoring, is largely funded by Germany and so is located in Berlin.
The new WHO Academy, a “state of the art lifelong learning centre” for
health professionals, is not conceivable without the contribution from
the French government and so is located in Lyon. The WHO could not run
such initiatives from its regular budget.</p><h3>Uncertain funding</h3><p>The
key question of “who will pay?” preoccupies the WHO, its supporters and
critics alike. In January 2022, the Executive Board was still
celebrating the gradual increase of compulsory membership fees to enable
50% of the total budget to be funded by the Member States in the future
(at present it is not even 20%), but one year on, given the recession,
the global economic impacts of the Russian war against Ukraine and
rising inflation, it is unclear whether this can actually be implemented
swiftly. And at the same time, as usual, key parts of the budget plan
are not covered. The WHO’s proposal to hold a regular fundraising event
(replenishment) instead of seeking new donors for each individual
programme puts it in direct competition with the PPPs, which have
professionalised this kind of “performance show” over the past 20 years.
Whether WHO can assert itself here as a latecomer remains to be seen.</p><p>The
new “WHO Foundation” launched two years ago also faces justified
criticism. If you want to collect money from rich private individuals
and companies, you will quickly find yourself keeping bad company. The
foundation's statutes stipulate that the arms and tobacco industries are
not permitted, but even the problematic food corporations like
Unilever, Nestlé and Coca-Cola, whose fast food and sugar drinks are in
the firing line as contributing to major chronic diseases, are not ruled
out categorically.</p><p>The WHO has experienced many dilemmas and
dependencies like this over its history. The legendary “Alma Ata
Conference” in 1978, at which the Primary Health Care (PHC) concept was
adopted, only took place there because the USSR wanted to inflict a blow
on China in the struggle for control of the narrative in the socialist
world and so provided the funding for the conference. At least the WHO
was able to ensure that the conference was not held in Moscow and
instead in the regional capital of poor Kazakhstan, where there had been
positive experiences with PHC programmes.</p><h3>The effort can be worthwhile</h3><p>So
is there anything at all to celebrate on the 75th anniversary of this
World Health Organization? The WHO remains as good and bad as the world
it exists in. That is the simple answer. What we make of it is key is
the complicated answer. Without the WHO, there would be nothing to check
and balance the pragmatic PPP movers and shakers and no forum to
continue to argue and debate about health system strengthening,
equitable resource distribution between countries and the necessary
support for countries especially hard hit by the global realities of
exploitation. Rights of minorities and discriminated groups do not
always secure the majority in WHO resolutions, but the stage that Member
States use for their geopolitical battles must also be made available
to those who otherwise have even less of a voice in their own countries.</p><p>This
means developing alliances of a critical civil society and like-minded
governments at the WHO level. The new Brazilian government has already
presented an initiative for a resolution on the health of indigenous
groups and peoples. Fighting for the spaces where global policy is made
is worthwhile - despite the efforts and difficulties to be overcome.</p></div></div><div class="gmail-row gmail-align-items-center"><div id="gmail-share-content" class="gmail-col-sm-6 gmail-mb-4 gmail-mb-md-6"><div class="gmail-socialshare-menu gmail-d-flex gmail-align-items-center gmail-mb-3"><div class="gmail-pr-3"><a class="gmail-share_fb" title="Share on Facebook" target="_blank" href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.medico.de/en/who-under-construction-19076&t=Global%20health%20-%20WHO%20under%20construction%20-%20medico%20international"><span class="gmail-icon gmail-icon-facebook"></span></a></div><div class="gmail-pr-3"><a class="gmail-share_tw" title="Share on Twitter" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Global%20health%20-%20WHO%20under%20construction%20-%20medico%20international&url=https://www.medico.de/en/who-under-construction-19076&via=nothilfe"><span class="gmail-icon gmail-icon-twitter"></span></a></div><div class="gmail-pr-3"><a class="gmail-share_wa" title="Share on Whatsapp" href="https://wa.me/?text=Global%20health%20-%20WHO%20under%20construction%20-%20medico%20international. 75%20years%20after%20its%20foundation%2C%20the%20World%20Health%20Organization%20%28WHO%29%20seems%20to%20be%20in%20need%20of%20reform%20in%20many%20places.%20What%20steps%20need%20to%20be%20taken%3F%20https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medico.de%2Fen%2Fwho-under-construction-19076"><span class="gmail-icon gmail-icon-whatsapp"></span></a></div><div class="gmail-pr-3"><a class="gmail-share_tg" title="Share on Telegram" target="_blank" href="https://telegram.me/share/url?text=Global%20health%20-%20WHO%20under%20construction%20-%20medico%20international.%2075%20years%20after%20its%20foundation%2C%20the%20World%20Health%20Organization%20%28WHO%29%20seems%20to%20be%20in%20need%20of%20reform%20in%20many%20places.%20What%20steps%20need%20to%20be%20taken%3F&url=https://www.medico.de/en/who-under-construction-19076"><span class="gmail-icon gmail-icon-telegram"></span></a></div><div class="gmail-pr-3"><a class="gmail-share_mail" title="Share per Mail" href="mailto:?subject=Global%20health%20-%20WHO%20under%20construction%20-%20medico%20international&body=Global%20health%20-%20WHO%20under%20construction%20-%20medico%20international.%2075%20years%20after%20its%20foundation%2C%20the%20World%20Health%20Organization%20%28WHO%29%20seems%20to%20be%20in%20need%20of%20reform%20in%20many%20places.%20What%20steps%20need%20to%20be%20taken%3F%20https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medico.de%2Fen%2Fwho-under-construction-19076"><span class="gmail-icon gmail-icon-email"><br></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div>