<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:large"><br></div><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d"></span><div class="gmail_quote"><div><div bgcolor="#FAFAFA" link="blue" vlink="purple" lang="EN-US"><div><div><div style="border:none;border-top:solid #e1e1e1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm"><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> People's Health Movement [mailto:<a href="mailto:dlegge@phmovement.org" target="_blank">dlegge@phmovement.org</a>] </span></p></div></div><div align="center"><table style="width:100.0%;background:#fafafa;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width:100.0%;padding:7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt" width="100%" valign="top"><div align="center"><table style="width:450.0pt;border-collapse:collapse" width="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width:450.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="600" valign="top"><div align="center"><table style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tbody><tr><td style="background:#fafafa;padding:6.75pt 0cm 6.75pt 0cm" valign="top"><table style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:6.75pt 0cm 0cm 0cm" valign="top"><table style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td style="width:450.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="600" valign="top"><table style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0cm 13.5pt 6.75pt 13.5pt" valign="top"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#656565"><a href="https://mailchi.mp/phmovement/behaviouralsciences?e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#656565">View this email in your browser</span></a><u></u><u></u></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="background:white;padding:6.75pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;background:cover;background-size:cover" id="m_3355708239096420520m_9141681544404784877templateHeader" valign="top"><table style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt;min-width:100%" valign="top"><table style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0cm 6.75pt 0cm 6.75pt;min-width:100%" valign="top"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><img id="m_3355708239096420520m_9141681544404784877_x0000_i1025" src="https://gallery.mailchimp.com/559d715f58f654accf3de987e/images/913dee95-5b74-426e-b049-89188445da6d.jpg" width="300" border="0"><u></u><u></u></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid #eaeaea 1.5pt;background:white;padding:0cm 0cm 6.75pt 0cm;background:cover;background-size:cover" id="m_3355708239096420520m_9141681544404784877templateBody" valign="top"><table style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:6.75pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;min-width:100%" valign="top"><table style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td style="width:450.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;max-width:100%;min-width:100%" width="600" valign="top"><table style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;word-break:break-word" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0cm 13.5pt 6.75pt 13.5pt" valign="top"><h1 style="text-align:center" align="center">WHO's new focus on behavioural science raises concerns<u></u><u></u></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">WHO's Executive Board, meeting in Geneva this week, will consider <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=902dd24102&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">EB152/25</span></a> which reports on the development  of the ‘behavioural sciences for better health initiative’.  <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">The ‘behavioural sciences for better health initiative’ involves establishing a permanent capacity within the Secretariat, and on contract, to provide ‘behavioural insights services’. The board will also consider a draft resolution contained in <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=2bd1a606c5&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">EB152/CONF./6</span></a> which urges both member states and the Secretariat to invest in behavioural insights services.<u></u><u></u></span></p><h2>The selective strengthening of behavioural science in comparison to other scientific disciplines is not explained; why not anthropology or political science? <u></u><u></u></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">The evidence cited in EB152/19 to support this selective strengthening of one particular scientific discipline within the Secretariat is thin.  There has not been any assessment of the relative strengths of different disciplines within WHO. <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">There are several references to an initiative in Euro Region to a 'behavioural and cultural insights' project and an initiative in the Afro Region to social and behavioural insights’ but the current initiative has nothing about cultural or social insights. This present initiative is solely about behavioural insights.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">There is no suggestion that there has been a comparative analysis of the contribution of behavioural, social, or cultural insights (or those of other disciplines such as political economy, gender studies, or media studies) to the work of the Secretariat. In view of the criticism of WHO's performance in the Ebola response in 2014 regarding its lack of anthropological expertise it is surprising that the present scientific strengthening is solely focused on behavioural science. <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">The call should be for using appropriately all the tools of social sciences; behavioural sciences is but one tool.<u></u><u></u></span></p><h2>Evidence of need is weak<u></u><u></u></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">There is a reference in para 18 to an external assessment of WHO products which allegedly found a selective deficiency with respect to behavioural insights but it does not appear to have been published.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">Para 8 presents a long list of areas where WHO has (according to EB152/25) integrated social and behavioural sciences into its work. No evidence is presented to show that the inclusion of behavioural insights in these areas has been suboptimal.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">Para 12 cites an increasing number of "requests from Member States for technical support for the application of behavioural sciences to public health". No further documentation provided. Is the increased number of requests statistically significant? <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">Para 13 refers to an 'urgent need for action and rapid learning' which leads to 'the creation and “incubation” of a cross-cutting, multidisciplinary, demand-driven behavioural science function at WHO headquarters'. However, no firm evidence is presented for this selective urgency. <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">Para 25 identifies, as one of the priorities for 2022-23, "compiling and disseminating evidence on improved outcomes resulting from the application of the behavioural sciences to public health". This implies that the evidence will be restricted to cases where behavioural insights contributed to ‘improved outcomes’. So presumably if the research finds evidence where the application of behavioural sciences to public health has not led to improved outcomes, it will not be compiled or disseminated. <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">This suggests public relations spin rather than evidence based capacity building. <u></u><u></u></span></p><h2>Public health programs have used social marketing for ever<u></u><u></u></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">Many would be surprised to find that the application of behavioural insights to public health has been lacking. Public health programs have used social marketing (generally informed by extensive behavioural research) as one element of campaign strategy for many years. Examples include not spitting (early TB message), road safety, tobacco use, breast feeding, medication use, STI prevention, vaccination, insecticide treated bednets, etc.<u></u><u></u></span></p><h2>The development of behavioural sciences is being promoted across the UN system and through the OECD and the World Bank <u></u><u></u></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">While <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=6aa6bd9bae&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">EB152/25</span></a> claims to respond to an urgent need for WHO in particular to invest in ‘behavioural insights services’ it also advises that the development of behavioural sciences is being driven, from the top, <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=e6a841baab&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">across the UN system</span></a>. However strong (or weak) the case might be for ‘behavioural insights services’ in public health, WHO is under pressure to comply with this UN wide initiative. <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">Not just in the UN system.  Both the <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=a354d6b059&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">OECD</span></a> and the <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=f33037b8d7&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">World Bank</span></a> have invested significant resources over the last decade into strengthening the application of behavioural economics and a wide range of national governments have followed the UK lead in setting up ‘behavioural insight teams’ (‘nudge units’) in government departments. (See also <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=ef44ca9100&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">OECD 2017</span></a>, <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=e03c851d68&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">WDR 2015</span></a>, <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=667e5e107d&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">Afif et al 2019</span></a>.) <u></u><u></u></span></p><h2>Behavioural sciences initiative is closely linked to behavioural economics<u></u><u></u></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">Some further background is needed. While WHO and the UN are talking about ‘behavioural sciences’ it is evident that the drive is closely linked to the behavioural economics initiatives of the OECD and the WB. <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">Recognising that behavioural science has contributed to public health for many years we therefore need to ask what is the value being added by the new behavioural economics influence.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">Behavioural economics criticises simplistic assumptions about how markets work and promotes nudging instead of (or to supplement) regulation <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">Behavioural economics emerged originally as a critique of neoclassical economics, in particular, criticising assumptions about how markets work (<a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=36c703f009&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">Earl 2018</span></a>). Neoclassical economics treats consumers as rational, fully informed, utility maximising, individual agents. It treats the firm likewise as a rational, profit maximising agents. Behavioural economics points out that consumers bring various biases to their decisions, are not fully informed, often approach their decisions in ‘irrational’ ways and are shaped by social influences such as advertising and culture. Likewise the decisions of businesses are often not rational, or at least not as rational as posited by neoclassical economics (<a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=367b718041&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">Earl 2005</span></a>, <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=4cb01d412b&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">Primrose 2017</span></a>). <u></u><u></u></span></p><h2>Defending marketisation as a design principle for public policy and protecting business from intrusive regulation<u></u><u></u></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">It appears that behavioural economics has risen to new prominence in public policy and program design for two reasons: first because of contension regarding market failure, and second, because of contension regarding over-intrusive regulation.  <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">In recent decades there has been increasing public dissatisfaction with neoliberalism and in particular with the promotion of marketisation and privatisation as design principles for public policy. In the face of such dissatisfaction, earlier debates have resurged regarding the appropriate roles for, and boundaries between, the market and public administration. <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">However, behavioural economics complements rather than threatens neoclassical hegemony. The reference to behavioural insights is an invitation to the neoclassical economist to adjust the outcomes of their core theory with insights from behavioural economics. Behavioural economics recognises that markets fail because people are not ‘rational’. However, it seeks not to redress the neoliberal focus on markets, but to make people themselves better adjusted to play their proper role in markets by promoting behaviour closer to that of the neoclassical hyper-rational actor.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">Thus in the context of policy and program design where the delivery of goods and services through the public sector might be under consideration, the insights of behavioural economics serve to to support the use of market mechanisms rather than public sector delivery by promising the reduce the likelihood of market failure by tweaking market mechanisms through the insights of behavioural economics and by deploying the ‘nudge’ to correct any tendencies to market failure (<a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=d1e4d47234&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">Primrose 2017</span></a>). <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">Concerns from the private sector about the intrusiveness of public policy and regulation (red tape) are a second driver behind the rise of behavioural economics in public policy. In this context, the ‘nudge’ is being promoted as a preferred alternative to more structural regulation. <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">There is nothing intrinsically wrong with the use of the nudge in public policy generally or public health in particular. Public health advocates have argued for ‘making healthy choices easier choices’ since at least the Ottawa Charter in 1986. <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">Nevertheless, there have been concerns in public health for many years about the ethics and propriety of deploying the resources of government to covertly shape people’s choices. It is not easy to draw a sharp boundary between respect for autonomy and coercive paternalism but the boundary needs to be subject to continuing review. <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">There are also choices to be made between the individual focus of the nudge and a more social approach to building the culture and institutions which might support a more collective engagement with issues of health care delivery or the social determination of health. The market as a model for program design is necessarily focused on the individual or family. In this respect it differs from comprehensive primary health care which looks for modes of engagement which go beyond the individual and family to the wider community or other constituencies. The nudge, where the agent is the policy maker and the object is the consumer, is not well suited to a more community oriented approach. <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">The prospect that the nudge might reduce the need for more intrusive regulation needs to be treated with caution.  In one of the leading jurisdictions promoting behavioural economics, game day advertisements for online gambling (to sporting crowds including many children) are not prohibited, on the grounds that they are accompanied by a brief exhortation (nudge?) to ‘gamble responsibly’. (Or smoke responsibly or drink responsibly or be responsible about wearing seatbelts.)  In relation to nutrition and health, the nudge focuses on individual behaviour (such as changing the location of chocolates at a supermarket cashier) rather than regulating junk-food advertising to children or deploying tariff or pricing policies to ‘make healthier choices easier choices’. <u></u><u></u></span></p><h2>Creating a public policy discourse which is market-friendly and regulation-resistant <u></u><u></u></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">It is self-evident that market relations can work well in certain circumstances and that over-intrusive regulation has costs which can outweigh any benefits. It is also true that there are many concerns of accountability and performance and quality of care that public health systems grapple with. <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">However, the poverty of evidence in EB152/25, and the UN wide drive to embed behavioural economics in inter-governmental policy making provide grounds for concern about a system wide reshaping of global policy discourse, directed to defending neoliberal marketisation policies and discouraging consideration of regulatory strategies regardless of the circumstances of particular policies.  <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">PHM urges the Executive Board to reject the resolution</span></b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020"> contained in <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=bb87526708&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">EB152/CONF./6</span></a>.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">PHM urges the DG to create a new unit</span></b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020"> focused on policy capacity and regulatory strategies with responsibilities which include promoting a balanced, evidence informed approach to policy capacity and regulatory policy and to include the behavioural sciences function in that unit.  <u></u><u></u></span></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020"><hr width="100%" size="2" align="center"></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">See our more detailed commentary on this item <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=4f1cf3fa9e&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">here</span></a>. The Tracker page for EB152 is <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=3764b0e69b&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">here</span></a>.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">The <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=4d056e3e47&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">WHO Tracker</span></a> and PHM item commentaries are produced as part of WHO Watch which is a project of the <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=93a8228b0b&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">People's Health Movement</span></a> in association with <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=1d3cc344ec&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">Medicus Mundi International</span></a>, <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=dfaf3daeae&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">Third World Network</span></a> and a number of other civil society networks. WHO Watch aims to contribute to democratising global health governance, through new alliances, new information flows and by broadening the policy discourse.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">You can support WHO Watch by publicising the Tracker; by inviting others to subscribe to the WHO Watch Updater (<a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=045e250f5a&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">subscribe here</span></a>); and by following us on Twitter via @PHMglobal and @WorldHealthWatch.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#202020">To provide feedback on this newsletter please write to <a href="mailto:editor@phmovement.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color:#007c89">editor@phmovement.org</span></a>.<u></u><u></u></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#fafafa;padding:6.75pt 0cm 6.75pt 0cm;background:cover;background-size:cover" id="m_3355708239096420520m_9141681544404784877templateFooter" valign="top"><table style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt;min-width:100%" valign="top"><div align="center"><table style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0cm 6.75pt 0cm 6.75pt;min-width:100%"><div align="center"><table style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:6.75pt 6.75pt 0cm 6.75pt;min-width:100%" valign="top"><div align="center"><table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" valign="top"><div align="center"><table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" valign="top"><table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0cm 7.5pt 6.75pt 0cm" valign="top"><table style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:3.75pt 7.5pt 3.75pt 6.75pt"><table style="width:0cm;border-collapse:collapse" width="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td style="width:18.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="24"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=ce93d52720&e=a2777af914" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none"><img id="m_3355708239096420520m_9141681544404784877_x0000_i1027" src="https://cdn-images.mailchimp.com/icons/social-block-v2/color-link-48.png" alt="WHO Tracker" width="24" height="24" border="0"></span></a><u></u><u></u></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" valign="top"><table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0cm 7.5pt 6.75pt 0cm" valign="top"><table style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:3.75pt 7.5pt 3.75pt 6.75pt"><table style="width:0cm;border-collapse:collapse" width="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td style="width:18.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></span></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%" align="center"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#656565">Chaussee de Haecht 53<u></u><u></u></span></p></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%" align="center"><span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#656565">Brussels</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#656565"> <span>B-1210</span> <u></u><u></u></span></p><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%" align="center"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#656565">Belgium<u></u><u></u></span></p></div></div><br>
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