<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:large"><br></div>From: <b class="gmail_sendername" dir="auto">People's Health Movement</b> <span dir="auto"><<a href="mailto:dlegge@phmovement.org">dlegge@phmovement.org</a>></span><br><div class="gmail_quote"><br><div class="msg-3951367822302053222"><u></u>
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<span class="m_-3951367822302053222mcnPreviewText" style="display:none;font-size:0px;line-height:0px;max-height:0px;max-width:0px;opacity:0;overflow:hidden">Questions raised regarding commodified, branded, vertical programs</span>
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<h1 style="text-align:center;display:block;margin:0;padding:0;color:#202020;font-family:Helvetica;font-size:26px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:125%;letter-spacing:normal">WHO commitment to address violence against children outsourced to a multistakeholder partnership</h1>
<p style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">WHO's Executive Board, meeting in Geneva this week will consider <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=b1807d5498&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">EB152/21</a> which reports on progress in ending violence against children at the country level, and the development of guidance materials and high-level advocacy globally. It sounds like unimpeachable good works but under the surface there are problems. </p>
<h2 style="display:block;margin:0;padding:0;color:#202020;font-family:Helvetica;font-size:22px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:125%;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left">Background</h2>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">The original <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=6768895940&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Global plan of action</a> ‘to strengthen the role of the health system within a national multisectoral response to address interpersonal violence, in particular against women and girls, and against children’ was commissioned in <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=aacf37a94f&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">WHA67.15</a> (2014). It was reported to the Assembly in <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=92ad6f249c&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">A69/9</a> in 2016 (presented in full <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=3cdfb9bdd6&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">here</a>) and adopted in <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=417144bcb2&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">WHA69.5</a> in 2016. It will remain in place until 2030.</p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">The Global Plan of Action comprises four strategic directions: </p>
<ul dir="ltr">
<li role="presentation">Strengthen health system leadership and governance,</li>
<li role="presentation">Strengthen health service delivery and health workers’/providers’ capacity to respond,</li>
<li role="presentation">Strengthen programming to prevent interpersonal violence,</li>
<li role="presentation">Improve information and evidence.</li>
</ul>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">The Global Plan of Action includes three separate sections: violence against women and girls, violence against children, and all forms of interpersonal violence. Different implementation partnerships and activities are foreshadowed in relation to these separate but overlapping foci of violence prevention. </p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">A report on the implementation of the Global Plan of Action was submitted to WHA74 (May 2021) in <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=affe3f5740&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">A74/21</a>.</p>
<h2 style="display:block;margin:0;padding:0;color:#202020;font-family:Helvetica;font-size:22px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:125%;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left">Focus on children</h2>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">In May 2021 WHA74 adopted <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=884925d63e&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">WHA74.17</a>, ‘Ending violence against children through health systems strengthening and multisectoral approaches’. In fact, <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=b04ce549e6&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">A74/21</a> does not single out ‘violence against children’ as being in particular need of further attention in comparison with ‘violence against women and girls’ or ‘all forms of interpersonal violence’. </p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">However, in a separate 2020 initiative, WHO’s <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=03dcdadde9&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Global status report on preventing violence against children</a> had found that while many of the countries participating in the survey were taking some action, 'government officials from these same countries acknowledge that their efforts are clearly insufficient to achieve the SDG targets’. The global status report concluded with recommendations for boosting the implementation of the INSPIRE technical package (addressing violence against children, see further below) by member states and by WHO. </p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">These recommendations were carried forward by <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=bafc2db23d&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">WHA74.17</a>. </p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">The implementation of the Global Plan of Action, in relation to children, appears to have been undertaken largely through the <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=ab7c0e87b4&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Global Partnership to End Violence against Children</a> which is a multistakeholder partnership (comprising WHO, UNICEF, US CDC, Columbia University, and <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=cd2e48fb28&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">End Violence Against Children</a>, a donor-supported NGO based in New York). The work of the Partnership is based on WHO’s <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=97428e3853&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">INSPIRE Technical Package</a> (of which CDC staff were the principal authors). </p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">In <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=61888cd6cf&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">WHA74.17</a> the DG was requested to provide a report to WHA76 (May 2023) on the implementation of its suggestions and requests. This report is provided in <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=90c9242521&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">EB152/21</a>.</p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">See Tracker links to <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=3d65daa191&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">previous governing body reports, debates and decisions in relation to violence</a>. For more data see <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=3e05ffb472&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Violence Info</a>.</p>
<h2 style="display:block;margin:0;padding:0;color:#202020;font-family:Helvetica;font-size:22px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:125%;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left">Good questions</h2>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020"><a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=14fab7fa44&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">EB152/21</a> reports on documents published, training events provided, consultations held, statements issued, and progress on the <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=85cbd920b2&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Global Initiative to Support Parents</a>. </p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">EB152/21 ends with three questions:</p>
<ul dir="ltr">
<li role="presentation">At country level, what are the main challenges to and opportunities for scaling up health sector involvement in preventing and responding to violence against children? </li>
<li role="presentation">What can WHO do to better integrate the recognition of and response to child maltreatment into routine health service provision? </li>
<li role="presentation">How can WHO best support Member States to ensure multisectoral coordination for the prevention of violence against children with sectors such as education, social welfare and finance?</li>
</ul>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">These are good questions. A couple of further good questions:</p>
<ul dir="ltr">
<li role="presentation">What evidence has been collected regarding the causal relationships, if any, between the activities sponsored through the <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=bb8de57689&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Global Partnership</a> (and structured around the <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=f83cbcc76d&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">INSPIRE framework</a>) and the various national and subnational initiatives which are reported in the 2020 <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=d3cb49bd36&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Global Status Report</a> and <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=efba202057&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">EB152/21</a>? </li>
<li role="presentation">Has the recent and foreshadowed investment in the prevention of ‘violence against children’ been matched by corresponding investments or plans in relation to the other two streams of the <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=b152174d35&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Global Plan of Action</a>, namely ‘violence against women and girls’ and ‘all forms of interpersonal violence’? </li>
</ul>
<h2 style="display:block;margin:0;padding:0;color:#202020;font-family:Helvetica;font-size:22px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:125%;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left">Multistakeholder partnerships, siloed implementation, commodified programs</h2>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">The implementation of the commitments in the <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=9b328cf2bd&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Global Plan of Action</a>, regarding violence against children, has been outsourced to the <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=f68821b883&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Global Partnership</a>. As well as WHO and UNICEF this partnership includes the principal donor (US CDC) and a donor supported NGO (<a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=fb8b258718&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">EndViolence</a>). It appears that much of the expenditure through this partnership (in money and person time) is spent outside WHO. Does this weaken human resource development within WHO?</p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">Is it the case that donor preferences have led to the selective focus on violence against children alongside the relative neglect of the other two domains of action of the Global Plan of Action? Is it the case that this focus has had efficiency costs in terms of not addressing the broader cross cutting issues relevant to all forms of interpersonal violence. </p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">Has the competition for donor attention and donor funding, between the Violence Prevention Unit (focused on violence against children) and the Sexual and Reproductive Health Team (responsible for action on violence against women and girls) contributed to a fragmented approach to violence prevention generally? Is this a consequence of the opposition of the US to WHO’s guidelines on sexual and reproductive health?</p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">Both teams have invested heavily in the commodification and branding of the programs they are responsible for: <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=afc81ec00c&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">INSPIRE</a> in relation to violence against children, and <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=1b81d50efd&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">RESPECT</a> in relation to violence against women and girls. In both cases, the clearly articulated strategies of the Global Program of Action have been shuffled around to create marketable brands, structured around their acronyms: INSPIRE and RESPECT. </p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">Is there any evidence that this kind of repackaging of clearly articulated strategies facilitates implementation more effectively? Does it facilitate communication with stakeholders in other sectors such as education or law enforcement? Or is it directed to selling the programs to donors. </p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">The <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=648ea7aa33&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Global Initiative to Support Parents</a> will be welcomed by many, but stakeholders from education, who should be major supporters, may be perplexed by INSPIRE. Likewise law enforcement agencies, who should be among WHO’s closest partners in preventing and responding to interpersonal violence, might likewise be perplexed by INSPIRE, although since they are largely ignored by both the Global Plan of Action and by INSPIRE it is unlikely to come to their attention. </p>
<h2 style="display:block;margin:0;padding:0;color:#202020;font-family:Helvetica;font-size:22px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:125%;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left">‘Harmful gender norms’</h2>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">Under the strategy, ‘norms and values’ (<a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=0ea9540cf5&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">INSPIRE</a>, pB24), three approaches are listed including ‘changing adherence to restrictive and harmful gender and social norms’. There is very limited analysis of harmful gender norms, largely restricted to gender equity and gendered roles. </p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">There is no analysis in either the Global Program of Action or the INSPIRE package of the roles of patriarchy, misogyny and homophobia in generating violence nor the structural factors in different societies which reproduce patriarchy, misogyny and homophobia. </p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">Patriarchy thrives when men and boys are encouraged (by custom and ideology) to project their fears and disappointments onto women and girls, including through violence. Homophobia thrives when heteronormative people are encouraged (by custom and ideology) to project their fears and disappointments onto people of diverse sexualities and orientations, including through violence. </p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">Ignoring the roots of ‘harmful gender norms’ can only help to perpetuate such attitudes and the violence they sanction. </p>
<h2 style="display:block;margin:0;padding:0;color:#202020;font-family:Helvetica;font-size:22px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:125%;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left">The social determination of health</h2>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">There is very limited recognition of the social determinants of health in either the Global Action Plan of Action or the INSPIRE package and no recognition of the wider forces and dynamics which reproduce those determinants.</p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">This is particularly clear in the approaches suggested for the INSPIRE strategy, ‘income and economic strengthening’. The three approaches suggested to implement this strategy are: Cash transfers, Group saving and loans combined with gender equity training, and Microfinance combined with gender norm training.</p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">These three approaches are offered as responses to poverty, marginalisation, and alienation, but they avoid any reference to the forces, structures and dynamics which reproduce poverty, marginalisation and alienation and which allow, even encourage, interpersonal violence as a response to the associated despair and frustrations.</p>
<p style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">It is significant that this document was written by the US CDC during the Trump Presidency and co-sponsored by the PEPFAR, Together for Girls, UNICEF, UNODC, USAID, and the World Bank. </p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">It is regrettable that WHO is forced to outsource its program development and implementation to organisations which are so deeply compromised in terms of the origins of the problems they are addressing. </p>
<p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020"><b>PHM urges member states</b> to commission an independent programmatic evaluation of the Global Partnership and the INSPIRE technical package. PHM urges that the terms of reference for such an evaluation include questions about the science base for the universal application of the INSPIRE 'approaches' and about the distortions of WHO capacity, coherence and integrity created by the donor auction and the drive to transfer global health functions out of WHO and into multistakeholder partnerships. </p>
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<p style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">See our more detailed commentary on this item <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=a845270ed0&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">here</a>. The Tracker page for EB152 is <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=c633ac5ba3&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
<p style="font-family:Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:100%;text-align:left;margin:10px 0;padding:0;color:#202020">The <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=6a3d4dcede&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">WHO Tracker</a> and PHM item commentaries are produced as part of WHO Watch which is a project of the <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=70106895e6&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">People's Health Movement</a> in association with <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=c040edf505&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Medicus Mundi International</a>, <a href="https://phmovement.us20.list-manage.com/track/click?u=559d715f58f654accf3de987e&id=ee09a1d953&e=125964ddcc" style="color:#007c89;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Third World Network</a> and a number of other civil society networks. WHO Watch aims to contribute to democratising global health governance, through new alliances, new information flows and by broadening the policy discourse.</p>
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