<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:large">As
developing countries struggle to cope, they are being set back by
conservative fiscal policies once imposed by rich countries. Instead,
they need bold policies for enough relief, recovery & reform.<table class="gmail-meta-author-wrap gmail-with-photo"><tbody><tr><td><div class="gmail-account-hover-wrapper"><div class="gmail-user-head"><div class="gmail-profile-img-wrap"></div></div></div></td><td><div class="gmail-meta-right-column"><div class="gmail-meta-author"><div class="gmail-account-hover-wrapper"><a href="https://jomodevplus.substack.com/people/8370734-jomo">Jomo</a></div></div><table class="gmail-post-meta gmail-custom" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gmail-post-meta-item gmail-post-date" title="2021-09-21T07:22:06.123Z"><br></td><td class="gmail-post-meta-item gmail-icon"><br></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><span></span><div class="gmail-post-header"><table class="gmail-meta-author-wrap gmail-with-photo"><tbody><tr><td><div class="gmail-meta-right-column"><table class="gmail-post-meta gmail-custom" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gmail-post-meta-item gmail-icon"><span></span><br></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="gmail-available-content"><div class="gmail-body gmail-markup">By <a href="http://www.ipsnews.net/author/jomo-kwame-sundaram/" title="Posts by Jomo Kwame Sundaram" rel="">Jomo Kwame Sundaram</a><p><strong>KUALA LUMPUR, Malaysia, Sep 21 2021 (IPS) </strong>-
As developing countries struggle to cope with the pandemic, they risk
being set back further by restrictive fiscal policies. These were
imposed by rich countries who no longer practice them if they ever did.
Instead, the global South urgently needs bold policies to ensure
adequate relief, recovery and reform.</p><p><strong>Bold fiscal responses needed</strong><br>Governments
must mobilise and deploy resources sustainably and fairly, consistent
with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). With rich countries’
refusal to help more, adequate government financing is crucial.</p><p>Taxation
is typically a more sustainable, effective and accountable way of
raising government fiscal resources. But the pandemic has imposed
extraordinary demands requiring massive urgent spending.</p><p>National authorities can generate fiscal resources in two main ways, by collecting revenue or borrowing. <a href="http://www.ipsnews.net/2021/08/central-banks-must-address-pandemic-challenges/" rel="">Government borrowing</a> is generally needed as revenue has been hit by the slowdown.</p><p>Massive
fiscal resource mobilization and appropriate spending are needed to
contain the contagion and prevent temporary recessions – e.g., due to
lockdowns – from becoming debilitating protracted depressions.</p><p>Fiscal
policy involves both government resource generation and spending. But
developing countries have been far more conservative in spending
compared to the rich. The latter have introduced much bolder relief and
recovery packages.</p><p>In the short, medium and long term, both
government spending and taxation must be progressive. Much depends on
how revenue is raised and spent. Hence, both taxation and expenditure
need to be considered.</p><p><strong>Taxes less progressive now</strong><br>Governments
must quickly develop progressive ways to finance massive spending
needed to protect both lives and livelihoods. Over the last four
decades, many governments reduced progressive direct taxation, instead
embracing regressive indirect taxes.</p><p>Higher tax rates on the
wealthy made direct taxation progressive. The regression was mainly due
to lobbying by powerful elites, including foreign investors. The
influential Washington-based Bretton Woods international financial
institutions led <a href="http://www.ipsnews.net/2017/10/world-bank-must-stop-encouraging-harmful-tax-competition-2/" rel="">such advocacy</a>.</p><p>Incomes
of the wealthy are mainly from assets, rather than wages, salaries or
payments for goods or services. But tax rates on the highly paid, as
well as property, inheritance and corporate incomes have declined in
most countries.</p><p>Wealth is often untaxed, or only lightly taxed at lower rates. <a href="http://ipsnews.net/2017/10/mounting-illicit-financial-outflows-south" rel="">New rules</a> now
allow assets to be moved and hidden abroad. Depending on how one
estimates, between US$8–35 trillion is held offshore, obscuring wealth
concentration and inequality.</p><p>Taxation can reduce existing
inequalities, but rarely does so despite the widespread presumption that
taxes are progressive overall. Worse, most state spending is
regressive, little mitigated by highly publicised social spending.</p><p>Difficult
to measure, pandemic impacts on various inequalities vary considerably.
Nevertheless, the vicious cycle connecting economic disadvantage with
vulnerability has worsened disparities.</p><p><strong>Ensure progressive taxation</strong><br>To
be equitable, taxation must be progressive. More equitable tax systems
should get more revenue from those most able to pay while reducing the
burden on the needy. Wealth taxes are the most progressive way to raise
revenue while also reducing inequalities.</p><p>Direct taxes on wealth
and incomes are potentially progressive. Progressively higher rates and
exemptions for the poor can ensure this. Low rates on investment income
and assets – such as property, wealth and inheritance – can be
increased. Besides reducing inequalities, these can finance progressive
spending.</p><p>Taxing windfall and excess profits is not only publicly
acceptable, but can also raise considerable funds. Some corporations and
individuals have benefited greatly during the pandemic, e.g., US
billionaires have reportedly become over a trillion dollars richer over
the last year and a half.</p><p>In the longer term, progressive taxation
means less reliance on indirect taxes – such as sales or consumption
taxes, including value-added, or goods and services tax – which burden
those with lower incomes much more.</p><p>Tax evasion by the wealthy
must also be deterred. Companies using tax havens to pay less can be
penalised, e.g., by disqualifying them from all government and
state-owned enterprise contracts. Tax systems can thus be made more
progressive by improving design and with strict, equitable enforcement.</p><p><strong>Equitable recovery?</strong><br><a href="https://www.cesr.org/sites/default/files/Brief%203%20Progressive%20Tax_.pdf" rel="">Ensuring</a> equitable
recovery requires urgent systemic reforms. Although unlikely to yield
much more revenue in the near term due to the economic slowdown,
introducing such reforms now will be politically much easier.</p><p>Taxation
can transfer fiscal resources from the wealthy to the needy. Those
living precariously, including those now at risk due to the pandemic and
its broad impacts, urgently need help. But financing relief and
recovery provides liquidity, averting protracted economic contraction
and stagnation.</p><p>Some pandemic relief spending in many countries
has been ‘captured’ by the politically well-connected, as political
elites and their cronies seize the lucrative new opportunities. These
compromise not only relief and recovery, but also reform efforts.</p><p>When
relief and recovery are treated as temporary ‘one-off’ measures, they
are unlikely to address pre-pandemic problems, including inequities.
Governments should instead use the crisis to advance SDG solutions for
both the medium and long-term.</p><p><strong>Multilateral cooperation needed</strong><br>International cooperation can help, but the rich countries’ Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (<a href="http://ipsnews.net/2019/10/oecd-tax-reform-proposal-better" rel="">OECD</a>) has long focused on addressing offshore tax evasion to secure more revenue for themselves.</p><p>A
decade ago, it broadened its attention, but continued to insist on its
own leadership at the expense of developing countries. It has thus
effectively blocked multilateral tax cooperation for decades, ignoring
the UN’s strong mandate from various Financing for Development and other
summits.</p><p>Equitable international tax reforms remain urgent. But
these have been undermined by earlier reforms encouraging cross-border
flows of funds, enabling illicit financial flows from developing
countries.</p><p>Although unlikely to yield much revenue for some time,
US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen’s global minimum corporate income tax
proposal deserves strong qualified support.</p><p>Developing countries
need to ensure that transnational companies are better taxed, instead of
the current G7 proposal for a low rate. Revenue should be distributed
according to where both production and consumption take place instead of
just where sales occur.</p><p>Effectively checking tax abuses also
requires access to financial information and common, equitable and
transparent rules, not those imposed by the rich. But such outcomes can
only be achieved through UN-led multilateralism with developing country
governments participating as equals.</p><p><br></p></div></div></div></div>