<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:large"><div class="gmail-gE gmail-iv gmail-gt"><table class="gmail-cf gmail-gJ" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr class="gmail-acZ gmail-xD"><td colspan="3"><table class="gmail-cf gmail-adz" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gmail-ady"><br></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="gmail-"><div id="gmail-:2ei" class="gmail-ii gmail-gt"><div id="gmail-:2eh" class="gmail-a3s gmail-aXjCH"><div><div style="font-family:garamond,new york,times,serif;font-size:16px"><div><div><b style="font-size:medium;color:rgb(38,40,42);font-family:Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif"></b><br></div></div></div><div id="gmail-m_6023395030412360418ydp4a03b128yahoo_quoted_1066206825"><div style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px;color:rgb(38,40,42)"><div><div id="gmail-m_6023395030412360418ydp4a03b128yiv2719578001"><div><div id="gmail-m_6023395030412360418ydp4a03b128yiv2719578001ydp4270ad07yahoo_quoted_1096989190"><div style="font-family:Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(38,40,42)"><div><div id="gmail-m_6023395030412360418ydp4a03b128yiv2719578001yqtfd92279"><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><i>Jomo Kwame Sundaram, Anis Chowdhury</i><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">SYDNEY
and KUALA LUMPUR, May 26 (IPS) - With well over five million Covid-19
infections worldwide, and deaths exceeding 340,000, the race for an
effective vaccine has accelerated since the SARS-Cov-2 virus was first
identified as the culprit.<br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">Expecting
to score politically from being ‘first' to have a vaccine, US President
Trump's Operation Warp Speed promises to get 300 million doses to
Americans by January, after the November polls, following several failed
attempts to monopolize vaccines being developed by European companies.<br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">More
than 115 vaccine development efforts are ongoing around the world.
Eight human trials are underway, including five in China, with the most
promising one government financed. Meanwhile, affordable access is the
primary concern for most of the world.<br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">Fighting epidemics together<br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">Sixty-five
years ago, Jonas Salk insisted that the polio vaccine he had developed
remain patent free. Asked who owned the patent, he replied, "The people I
would say. There is no patent. You might as well ask, could you patent
the sun?" <br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">Making
vaccines and life-saving drugs available freely or affordably has been
crucial for containing infectious diseases such as tuberculosis,
HIV-AIDS, polio and smallpox. Smallpox had a 30% mortality rate among
those infected, and was responsible for 10% of the world's blind. <br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">In
1958, the Soviet Union urged the World Health Organization (WHO) to
eradicate smallpox, offering funding for a plan. Surprising many, the
US, already WHO's major funder, agreed, resulting in the rivals' most
successful collaboration during the Cold War.<br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">Smallpox
was eradicated in 1977, following a WHO campaign seeking total
eradication within a decade, launched in 1967, when there were over 2.5
million cases worldwide. However, the paltry budget approved by the WHA
would not even have paid for the vaccines required. <br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">The
programme was launched in developing countries with vaccines donated by
other countries including both Cold War rivals. Developing countries
quickly developed vaccine producing and vaccination capabilities with
generous technical assistance from abroad. <br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">A people's vaccine?<br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">More
than 140 world leaders and experts signed an open letter before the
World Health Assembly (WHA) began on 18 May, calling on governments to
commit to a ‘people's vaccine' against COVID-19, with all vaccines,
treatments and tests patent-free, mass produced, fairly distributed and
available to all, in every country, free of charge.<br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">Leaders
of Italy, France, Germany, Norway, the European Commission and Council
urged that the vaccine be "produced by the world, for the whole world"
as a "global public good of the 21st century". President Xi promised
that a China developed vaccine will be a "global public good", with
"accessibility and affordability in developing countries", with
President Macron pledging likewise. <br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">The
United Nations Secretary-General also emphasized that everybody must
have access to the vaccine when available. The WHA unanimously
acknowledged that vaccines, treatments and tests are global public
goods, but was vague on implications. <br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">Nevertheless,
the US disassociated itself from over-riding patents in the interests
of public health, objecting that it would send the "wrong message to
innovators". Both Johnson & Johnson and French pharmaceutical giant
Sanofi have US government contracts to develop potential treatments, but
the US Health and Human Services Secretary refuses to guarantee they
will be affordable. <br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">Earlier,
the US did not join the 24 April world leaders' pledge to increase
cooperation against Covid-19, besides ignoring a 4 May pledge by
international leaders and organizations to spend US$8 billion to make
available a vaccine and treatments. <br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">Contain China, not the pandemic <br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">Unfortunately,
three decades after the Cold War ended, the context is very different
now, due to politics and profits. Trump's ‘America first' administration
and some key allies seeking to check China fear that Beijing's handling
of the Covid-19 crisis has boosted its already fast rising standing. <br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">By
April, the US and its allies were blaming China for the pandemic due to
the "Chinese virus". Trump upped the ante on 27 April by threatening
retaliatory measures against China for billions of dollars of damages
worldwide, claiming that China could have stopped the epidemic at
source, but did not. <br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">Offering
no evidence, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo has also accused
‘China-affiliated' hackers of trying to steal intellectual property (IP)
for Covid-19 vaccines, treatments and testing. Meanwhile, some US
states, politicians and companies have also filed lawsuits against China
for damages.<br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"> <font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">All
this has also undermined the WHO, now depicted as China's puppet.
POTUS's tough letter to the Director-General demanded "substantive", but
unspecified "improvements" at the WHO within 30 days, threatening to
permanently end already suspended US funding and to quit altogether.<br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">‘America first' vs global public interest<br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">With
elections less than half a year away, Trump's recent rhetoric and
policies appear preoccupied with boosting his re-election prospects,
slipping due to his handling of the outbreak. <br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">Unsurprisingly,
international concerns over US control of an effective Covid-19 vaccine
have grown. German weekly, Die Welt am Sonntag reported in March that
POTUS had offered German biotech company, CureVac about US$1 billion for
exclusive access to the vaccine it is developing. <br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">
Earlier this month, Sanofi hastily backed down after the French Prime
Minister insisted that access for all was "non-negotiable" following the
CEO's 13 May announcement that the US government had "the right to the
largest pre-order because it's invested in taking the risk" despite
French government support for Sanofi worth hundreds of millions of
euros. <br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">Profits vs public interest<br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">Only
a few giant companies can develop and produce a vaccine from start to
finish, due to the expense and range of expertise required.
Historically, most vaccines have been developed in the North, often
reaching the South much later. <br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">During
the 2009 swine flu pandemic, some OECD governments contracted with
pharmaceutical giants to monopolize the H1N1 swine flu vaccine. After
developing a promising Zika vaccine in 2017, the US Army assigned
production rights to Sanofi, but the deal fell through following
profiteering charges by US watchdog organizations and Senator Bernie
Sanders.<br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">Despite
enjoying the patent system's extended monopolies, at the expense of
public health, limited prospects for lucrative profits have generally
discouraged investments to develop affordable medicines and vaccines for
developing countries. <br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">What can be done<br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">Some
pharmaceutical giants, e.g., Glaxo-Smith-Kline and Sanofi, claim they
do not expect to profit from the Covid-19 vaccine. But such recent
industry promises not to profiteer from making the vaccine globally
available are hard to reconcile with the record that drug research and
development has long been driven by the prospect of massive profits. <br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">Such
firms have been urged to make the Open Covid pledge to voluntarily
relinquish their IP rights (IPRs), at least until the Covid-19 pandemic
is over. But Oxfam fears this may not be enough. As Big Pharma has long
enjoyed massive government subsidies, national authorities can enforce
the pledge. <br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3"><br clear="none"></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">Governments
can also use ‘compulsory licencing', permitted by World Trade
Organization rules, to enable companies that do not have the IPRs, to
make, manufacture and sell generic versions of patented medicines only
for national sale, as the Bush administration did with Tamiflu a decade
and a half ago in the face of the Avian flu threat.</font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="3">---------------------------------------<br clear="none"></font></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div id="gmail-m_6023395030412360418ydp4a03b128yiv2719578001yqtfd38169"><font size="3">Link</font><span style="font-size:medium"> </span><a shape="rect" href="http://ipsnews.net/2020/05/politics-profits-undermine-public-interest-covid-19-vaccine-race" style="font-size:medium" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://ipsnews.net/2020/05/politics-profits-undermine-public-interest-covid-19-vaccine-race</a></div><div><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>