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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:24pt;font-family:Times">How South Korea Stopped COVID-19 Early<span></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">Apr 27, 2020 <a href="https://www.project-syndicate.org/columnist/myoung-hee-kim" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">Myoung-hee
Kim</span></a> <span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">Government
testing and tracing alone did not halt the spread of the coronavirus in South
Korea. The country's civil-society organizations also played a critical role by
monitoring the situation closely, helping to hold the authorities accountable,
and reaching vulnerable social groups.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">SEOUL
– South Korea experienced one of the world’s largest initial outbreaks of
COVID-19 outside China. But, unlike the United States and many European
countries, we have been able to contain and drastically reduce the spread of
the virus, at least so far – and without imposing a nationwide lockdown. Our
response may provide insights that can help other governments a</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">nd civil-society groups working to
combat the pandemic. <span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span>So,
how did we do it?As is widely known, South Korea’s government focused on
aggressive testing and contact tracing to contain community transmission, and
established a strict triage system to protect health-care workers. But testing
and tracing alone did not stop the spread of the virus. The country’s civil
society – including non-governmental organizations and trade unions – played a
critical role by monitoring the situation closely, helping to hold the
authorities accountable, and reaching the most vulnerable social groups.The
government procured high-quality diagnostic kits based on a tightly coordinated
transfer of public-funded technology to private manufacturers, and quickly
established a mass testing system in which public-health centers played a
central part. These early interventions paid off: the country now has more than
600 testing sites, including 80 drive-through centers, capable of testing a
total of 20,000 people per day. Moreover, individuals with suspected COVID-19
symptoms and contact history are legally entitled to be tested free of
charge.Each time a new case was identified, local governments used contact
tracing to quarantine potential carriers and publicly disclosed their
individual travel histories in order to inform nearby residents of their potential
exposure. This helped to contain infection clusters. And the triage system in
hospitals helped to prevent patients with severe symptoms from indiscriminately
infecting health-care workers and other patients.For contact tracing, the
authorities relied on mobile-phone GPS data, credit-card transaction records,
and CCTV footage. While this use of personal data is legal in South Korea and
proved effective in combating the virus, it also raised significant privacy
concerns. Over the last two months, some patients whose detailed travel history
was made public have been blamed, as if they had recklessly put others at risk
of infection. The country’s National Human Rights Commission and advocacy
organizations have called for an appropriate balance between protecting the
public and respecting individual rights, and this debate continues today.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span>Trade
unions, NGOs, and the public were also instrumental in pushing the government
to protect vulnerable citizens, respect their basic human rights, and address
the deeply rooted inequalities highlighted by social-distancing measures.Many
low-wage workers, for example, could not work remotely or take paid leave to
support themselves and their families. A call center in southwest Seoul, where
workers were crammed into a small, poorly ventilated office, emerged as one of
the country’s biggest COVID-19 clusters. And one delivery worker died on the
job, collapsing from exhaustion because of the huge increase in online orders.
Unions informed the public and policymakers about such problems, based on
reports from their rank-and-file members, and advocated for greater employment
security, paid sick leave, and adequate protective gear, including
facemasks.Similarly, public hospitals, which have long suffered from
underinvestment, began to take the lead in accommodating the influx of
patients. At the same time, the COVID-19 crisis highlighted the inadequacy of
South Korea’s private hospitals, which account for 90% of the country’s
hospital beds. When the virus struck, they lacked both the relevant equipment
and isolation units, because these were not profitable in normal times. As a
result, civil-society groups are now demanding an expansion of the country’s
public health-care system.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span>In
addition, NGOs cooperated closely with local service providers to identify gaps
in care. NGOs monitored assisted-living facilities, homeless shelters, and
vulnerable individuals at home to ensure that these populations were receiving
proper attention. And community volunteers stepped in to provide additional
support where local governments lacked the capacity to do so.Finally, the
government responded to civil-society organizations’ demands that migrants and
refugees – often the targets of racism and anti-immigrant rhetoric – have
access to testing and treatment. For example, the Ministry of Justice announced
in early March that undocumented migrants could be tested for COVID-19 without
risking deportation, and published multilingual information materials. NGOs
working with South Korea’s migrant communities are now disseminating critical
information about medical access and paid leave to help support these groups.As
governments around the world increasingly adopt wartime-like measures to fight
the pandemic, civil-society groups must prevent policymakers from responding in
ways that further exacerbate inequalities or marginalize the most vulnerable
groups. Such efforts were crucial to South Korea’s success, and they can help
other countries to beat the virus, too.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><br></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Sun Kim PHM Asia Pacific<br></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span><span></span></span></p>
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