<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:large">



















<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span> </span></p>

<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;text-align:center;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times" align="center"><span><br>
</span><b><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">The Urgent Call for Human Rights Guidance on Diets and Food
Systems </span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">(1)</span><span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;text-align:center;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria" align="center"><b><i><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Let’s make
sure we are supporting the human right to food </span></i></b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;text-align:center;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria" align="center"><b><i><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">and not the
‘rights’ of traders and investors!</span></i></b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span> </span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Overview</span></i></b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">1. Four general points:</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt 35.45pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">1.1 ‘Rights</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">’<span style="color:black"> of traders and investors or human rights?</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt 35.45pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">1.2 Let us support initiatives from below</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt 35.45pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">1.3 Beware - no right to food and nutrition in the SDGs!</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt 35.45pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">1.4 Identify root causes or maintain the status quo?</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">2. Concerns relating to the Urgent
Call  (1)</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">3. Checklist of guiding principles
underlying the right to adequate food and nutrition</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">4. Excerpts from three powerful
texts </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt 35.45pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">4.1 The Nyeleni Declaration, Mali 2007. (2)</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt 35.45pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">4.2 Special Rapporteur on the Right to Health, Hilal Elver:
Interim report, 3 August 2016, A/71/282. (3)</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt 35.45pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">4.3 The human right to adequate food and nutrition within a
framework of food sovereignty. (4)</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">1.1 ‘Rights’ of traders and
investors or human rights? </span></b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">In relation to the right to
adequate food and nutrition, there is a choice between two visions presented as
follows by Valente and Montes (4)</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"> : "The first vision
represents the industrialized and commodity exporting countries. It defends
that all food insecurity and malnutrition may be fully addressed by a
liberalized international food trade system. However, to do so, investors demand
to be guaranteed a secure and enabling environment as clearly spelled out in
the strategy and country frameworks of the G7 New Alliance of Food and
Nutrition Security for Africa.</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">The second vision places more
emphasis on all human beings having stable access to a greater diversity of
foods to be obtained either directly from production and/or through
income, mainly coming from local markets with direct links to small scale
food producers within an enabling international and national environment, regulated
by public interest, in line with the principles and framework of food
sovereignty and reflected in the national and international regulatory bodies
of public agencies and governments." </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Make no mistake</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">, the major
international initiatives (High Level Task Force, Global Partnership, WEF’s
Global Redesign, etc) favor the first vision. They are "<b>intensifying
the promotion of the participation of <span style="color:black">TNCs and other
private sector entities</span>, as<span style="color:black"> well as
philanthropic ventures in multistakeholder governance mechanisms, </span></b><span style="color:black">which in many instances bypass intergovernmental bodies.
These initiatives clearly favor the security of investors and their profits, to
the detriment of the well being of populations"(4). IBFAN (International
Baby Food Action Network) makes the important point that these initiatives, in
effect, unwarrantedly confer human rights status to the private sector (as TNCs
have done for decades in the USA) and treat states as just another entity in
the kaleidoscope of ‘stakeholders’. </span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">1.2 Let us support initiatives from
below, from those most concerned/affected and most knowledgeable</span></b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">As Valente and Montes (4) state,
"the <b>human rights framework is a social construct arising from the
struggles of individuals, social groups and peoples </b>against oppression,
exploitation, discrimination and abuses of power by governments and other
powerful economic, political and religious actors". </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Moreover, in CETIM’s words:
"Peasants are key to food sovereignty and the realization of the right to
food, in particular in developing countries where they provide up to 80% of the
food consumed at the local level. Peasants offer a sustainable alternative to
the dominant agro-industrial model and they play a crucial role in the fight
against climate change and the conservation of biodiversity. Peasants together
with their families represent one third of humanity. Eighty percent (80%) of
the world’s people who suffer from hunger and poverty in the world live and
work in rural areas. Peasants are the primary victims of violations of the
rights to food, water and sanitation or adequate housing. They are evicted from
their lands and repressed when they defend their rights." </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">A first priority for human rights
activists thus, is to <b>support and promote implementation of</b> <b>the 2018
UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (a victory for La</b></span><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(51,102,255)"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Via
Campesina) </span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">(6)<b>.</b></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"> This
declaration represents a significant step towards achieving the Right to
Food.  </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">1.3 Beware: no right to food and
nutrition in the SDGs: mistake or success? </span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">(7)</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><br>
There is added urgency in the debate on the right to adequate food and
nutrition today. As Vivero Pol and Schuftan point out, unlike access to water,
health and education, access to affordable and sufficient food is not given
recognition in the SDGs as a universally guaranteed human right,.  <b>We
need to be aware that among the obstacles to achieving the right to food are
some of the world's most powerful states acting on behalf of their
transnational corporations.</b></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">They go on to say:  "The
privatization of food-producing inputs (soil, seeds, water) and the absolute
commodification of the final output (food) confirm the dominant discourse of
both actors <i>(the authors are referring to US and EU actors)</i> and hence in
the international institutions they control (i.e., the World Trade
Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the World
Economic Forum). These institutions are adamant about the absolute validity of
market mechanisms to distribute food as a commodity. Therefore, the duties and
entitlements guaranteed by the right to food clearly collide with this
position." (7)</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Liberation Serif","serif";color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">1.4 Identify root causes or maintain
the status quo? </span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">A meaningful human rights/social justice approach requires
explicit identification of root causes: the overwhelming power and destructive
activities of TNCs and their control over the entire agricultural and food
system as part of the overall prevailing economic system. The same can
appropriately be termed ‘corporate monopoly capitalism’ an ideology that is
largely responsible for many of the crises we face, in energy, water and, of
course, climate change. The obesity (and related NCDs) epidemic is clearly
linked to this system. The root causes of hunger, malnutrition and under
nutrition are poverty and inequality, that also result from capitalism in its
exploitative, repressive, violent, patriarchal and neo-colonial form that has
destroyed Africa's (and others’) agricultural base and prevented development of
an industrial base. In relation to the right to food, <b>it is essential to
remember that Africa was self sufficient in food in the 1960s</b>. The
discourse on ‘progress’ in this domain is dishonest on various grounds, because
<i>regression is what actually ought to be measured and reported</i>. The role
of corporate controlled media in the information domain has been clear; it
actively spreads the progress discourse.</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">The crisis in media and information, in
particular the ‘capture’ of science is also worrisome and relevant here. The
volume and bias of much corporate funded (or part funded) science has distorted
the evidence base that is so necessary for responsible and effective action. It
is a capitalist crisis in which TNCs’ influence over the media, including
scientific and medical research, is not just ‘undue’. TNCs now largely own the
media. The bias of the ‘science’ behind the green revolution and behind much
agricultural/food technology ‘achievements’ (the basis of many international
initiatives) must also be acknowledged.  Independent science must be
sought and publicly funded as the basis for decision-making in the public
interest.</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">2. Concerns relating to Buse et al’s
Urgent Call </span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">(1)</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">2.1.The Urgent Call and its links to
Areas of Focus, Proposed Process and Guiding Principles, actually address <b>obesity,
unhealthy food contributing to obesity and unhealthy diets. The authors confuse
us by throwing in references to wider issues, </b>such as malnutrition,
undernutrition, sustainable food systems, food security, even climate change,
but these are not further addressed in the texts. The authors recognize these
are indeed interlinked and critical, but <b>the way they are interlinked is
left unexplained, thus ultimately ignoring what clearly are root causes</b>.
The only form of malnutrition that is addressed is that brought about by the
misleading marketing of unhealthy foods. The text needs to acknowledge, but
doesn’t, that this <i>is, in a major way, foisted on populations by powerful
TNCs and by governments acting on behalf of their TNCs</i>.</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">In relation to the wider issues
(mentioned above), excellent reports have been produced by the Special
Rapporteurs on the Right to Food (Ziegler, Schutter and now Elver). These
provide comprehensive, clear analyses and explicit, strong recommendations that
form a solid basis for guidance. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Because root causes are ignored in
the Urgent Call and linked texts, the private sector will, most likely, simply
respond with commitments to reformulate ultraprocessed foods . Marketing will
persuade consumers that slightly less harmful junk food is the way forward.
Removing the private sector from involvement in the development of guidelines
is not enough: its central role in various forms of malnutrition must be
identified <i>and denounced. </i><span>(8)</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Let us now look at some of the
statements made in the Urgent Call :</span></i><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">2.2.<b>"Market forces alone are
failing to deliver healthy diets and sustainable food systems</b></span><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">"</span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">First, the subject being addressed in the Urgent
Call is not sustainable food systems, it is obesity, so this introduces
confusion. Second, the statement suggests that <i>if only they were assisted in
the effort,</i> market forces would deliver healthy diets. “Market forces” <i>sell
</i>certain products of varying nutritional value. They do not “deliver"
diets of any kind. They are however, overwhelmingly responsible for the
indiscriminate foisting of foods of varying value (or harm) on populations that
are deprived of healthy alternatives by those very forces (including that of
producing their own food on their own land).</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">2.3. "Human rights norms drive
action".</span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"> <span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">History shows that human rights have
always been won in the streets, through people's struggles. The authors of the
guidance draw parallels with human rights approaches to HIV. But in the case of
HIV, those affected, did mobilize, demonstrate and militate;  a
magnificent effort indeed. Their actions were the catalyst. Human rights
principles, norms, declarations and then laws were then specifically developed
to fulfill rights</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">
that had gained recognition through the struggles of different groups for
years, sometimes decades. <span style="color:black">This process of
transforming human rights into international law is of extreme importance,
particularly for subsequent actions to spread the benefits of the legal
recognition of human rights as <i>judiciable. </i><b>But the Urgent Call in the
BMJ ignores the struggles by people’s movements that have produced by far the
most significant advances in the Right to Food in recent history, particularly
the 2018 UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants </b><span>(6)<b>,</b> as said, <b>a victory for La Via Campesina </b></span>and
others. Public interest CSOs have also played a significant role. IBFAN for
example has brought to the fore, in UN and national policy making fora, the
importance of regulations to control marketing and end commerciogenic
malnutrition. (9) IBFAN’s highlighting of the particular harm caused by
commercial sponsoring of health professionals and monitoring systems prompted
the first and seven subsequent WHA Resolutions calling for Conflict of Interest
safeguards. (10)</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">2.4. “<b>International assistance
and cooperation as a first area to focus on”.</b> <span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">By their very nature human rights
are not and cannot be realized through international "assistance".
Solvent and sovereign states are primarily responsible. Many of the world's
peoples do not live in solvent and sovereign states (often because of
interference in their internal affairs by powerful states) and/or are victims
of their governments’ inaction or repression, in good part because of a
grotesquely unfair international economic order of which international
assistance is an integral part.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Liberation Serif","serif";color:black">  </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">2.5 "<b>The private sector has
a responsibility to act to prevent diet related diseases" <span></span></b></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">From our perspective, it has no such
responsibility. This is still part of the meaningless, but convenient</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(51,102,255)">,</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"> concept of
Corporate Social Responsibility. This is a huge subject but basically, unless
the entire body of law relating to big business is scrapped and rewritten, TNCs
have neither a legal obligation to prevent disease nor to promote health. We
have to understand this. On the other hand, they do have a legal obligation to
make profits for shareholders. Big business quite simply is supposed to conform
to the laws of the country and to international law, human rights law included.
</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">But they
simply do not, particularly in the case of the latter.<span style="color:black">
With respect to guidance, unless these laws are binding, corporate irresponsible
behavior will remain in impunity and the right to food and nutrition will
continue to be violated. What is needed is publicly funded and effective
systems that are independent of corporate funding to hold corporations
accountable for their actions. The extent of corporate funding of NGOs and UN
bodies has resulted in much increased focus on ‘dialogue’ with TNCs, with
emphasis on incremental changes and ‘here today, gone tomorrow’ voluntary
commitments. While for many, corporate funding is seen as an important
contribution to immediate humanitarian and public health work, the risks
remain, and the need for independent watch dogs, independent monitoring systems
and fundamental changes is seen as less important. (11)</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">In 2017, IBFAN led a successful call
to stop a proposal for a Gates-funded monitoring system in partnership with the
baby food industry.  The rationale was that if industry is given enough
‘incentives’ through recognition </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">of good will<span style="color:black">, it will
somehow transform itself and comply with human rights principles. Not only does
this violate the basic principle that ‘no one should be the judge in his own
case’, but it ignores the very nature of a corporation --its obligation to
maximize profits and in effect, it would ‘allow the fox to design the chicken coop’. 
(12)</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Conflicts of interest cannot just be
“effectively managed”; they must be avoided and denounced. It must be
emphasized that interaction with industry has always existed and always will,
but it must be carefully defined and managed. Participation of the private
sector (referring to for profit companies, their front groups and philanthropic
foundations clearly aligned with/funded by for profit companies) in governance
or policy framing/making cannot be part of that interaction.  </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">2.6 <b>"Reform international
trade and investment rules, etc for ensuring food security".</b> <span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">In relation to the human right to
food and to health, it is not food security</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(51,102,255)">,</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"> but <b>food sovereignty</b>
that is required. This distinction is critical. Among other things, the concept
of food security envisages the provision of food through international aid.
This is basically a dumping act (unless it occurs in the context of an
emergency) that further contributes to the destruction of food systems, <i>thus
violating the right to food.</i> International trade between unequal partners
has always impoverished the poorer partner and enriched the richer partner.
Close examination of the standard setting procedures at the Codex Alimentarius
Commission, reveals the stark imbalance of power between rich and poor
countries. Governments in the South are under constant pressure by exporting
countries to weaken their laws, accept the import of substandard ultraprocessed
products (some masquerading as food aid) and forget their </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">sovereign rights and
duties to protect their citizens.<span style="color:rgb(255,51,51)"> </span><span style="color:black">In relation to food, "free" trade agreements have
contributed to malnutrition in these countries and to the destruction of
national agricultural systems and food sovereignty.</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">2.7 <b>"Promote accountability
of the State and the private sector to guarantee the protection of rights and
ensure healthy diets etc.".  <span></span></b></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">The private sector has no role
whatsoever in guaranteeing protection of human rights. Our aim must be to
legislate appropriately so that the private sector either respects or breaks
the law with the normal legal consequences. It is probably unintentional</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(51,102,255)">,</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"> but the
drafters of the Urgent Call seem to assign responsibility jointly to State and
private sector and, of course, this reflects the current appalling situation in
which State and private sector are often </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">holding hands under the same roof and sometimes,
they are one and the same.</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">2.8 "A register of lobbyist
activity in international and national fora". <span></span></span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Surely the question here should be
rather, the legitimacy of lobbying altogether, in such fora ? This again
raises the critical issue of private sector participation in policy making<span>  </span>--be it at national or global (UN) level.
Unfortunately, and increasingly, as a result of public-private partnerships,
the inappropriate and undue influence of the private sector has become
‘normalized’. (13) But it is neither normal nor acceptable. It must be seen as
a violation of fundamental democratic principles and as the major obstacle to
national and international capacity to govern and set norms and standards
responsibly and to ensure respect for human rights. (14)</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">3. Checklist of principles
underlying the human right to adequate food and nutrition</span></b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Together with others, it is our
opinion that as public health nutritionists, we should be guided by the
following principles when discussing the prospects of sustainable healthy diets
from a human rights perspective. Through this discussion, we aim to have
colleagues voice their views and to eventually endorse these principles.
Working together towards them will make our demands stronger, by emphasizing:</span></i><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt 18pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">∙Food sovereignty, not food security.</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt 18pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">∙Local production, small scale food producers, not liberalized
international trade in industrial food and commodities. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt 18pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">∙Farmers’ rights to land, seeds and water, not TNC rights to
purchase huge tracts of lands for industrialized agriculture and extractive
purposes, or to control the market in seeds and other agricultural
inputs. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt 18pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">∙Living wages, sustainable rural livelihoods and environments
through agroecological interventions, not forced eviction, urban slums and environmental
devastation.</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt 18pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">∙Nutritious and diverse foods and diets, not energy-high and
nutrient-low monotonous foods (empty calories!).</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt 18pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">∙Human rights, social and economic justice</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(51,102,255)">,</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"> not
international "aid"/not charity/not philanthrocapitalism.</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraph" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt 18pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Symbol;color:black"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">      
</span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Global commons as a foundation for human rights, not the
privatization and commodification of food, basic and public services,
education, knowledge, land, water, seeds, livestock and our natural heritage.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt 18pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">∙Agrochemical, food and beverage industries are not partners in
the struggle for the Right to Food. PPPs for food <i>sovereignty </i>is a
contradiction in terms. Partnerships are by definition arrangements for
« shared governance » to achieve « shared goals ». Indeed
shared decision making is their single most unifying feature.  </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt 18pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">∙The private sector is not a partner in achieving any human
rights. It is simply one among many societal actors to be governed by clear
regulations, by law, including human rights laws. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt 18pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">∙Trade and development should be the responsibility of UNCTAD not
the WTO.  The legitimacy, rationale and existence of the latter
organization is (rightly) much questioned.</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt 18pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">∙As with Health for All, a New International Economic Order is
required. No national government can solve these problems within the crushing
confines of an exploitative, imperialist, neocolonial, international
order. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">4. Excerpts from some powerful
texts: a solid basis for the Right to Food </span></b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Below are excerpts from three
selected sources. These texts are worth reading in full (about an hour's work).
<b>They provide more than enough material to draw up essential points for
guidance on the Right to Adequate Food and Nutrition <i>within a framework of
food sovereignty. </i></b>It is also worth reading in full the UN Declaration
on the Rights of Peasants and Others Working in Rural Areas, October 2018.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(255,51,51)"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">(15)</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Excerpts from the Nyeleni
Declaration (2), Mali, 2007</span></b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Times;color:black">Food
sovereignty is the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food
produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to
define their own food and agriculture systems. It puts those who produce,
distribute and consume food at the heart of food systems and policies rather
than the demands of markets and corporations. It defends the interests and
inclusion of the next generation. It offers a strategy to resist and dismantle
the current corporate trade and food regime, and directions for food, farming,
pastoral and fisheries systems determined by local producers. Food sovereignty
prioritizes local and national economies and markets and empowers peasant and
family farmer-driven agriculture, artisanal - fishing, pastoralist-led grazing,
and food production, distribution and consumption based on environmental,
social and economic sustainability. Food sovereignty promotes transparent trade
that guarantees just income to all peoples and the rights of consumers to
control their food and nutrition. It ensures that the rights to use and manage
our lands, territories, waters, seeds, livestock and biodiversity are in the
hands of those of us who produce food. Food sovereignty implies new social
relations free of oppression and inequality between men and women, peoples,
racial groups, social classes and generations…</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">What are we fighting against?</span></b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Imperialism, neo-liberalism,
neo-colonialism and patriarchy, and all systems that impoverish life, resources
and eco-systems, and the agents that promote the above such as international
financial institutions, the World Trade Organization, free trade agreements,
transnational corporations and governments that are antagonistic to their
peoples;</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">The dumping of food at prices below
the cost of production in the global economy;</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">The domination of our food and food
producing systems by corporations that place profits before people, health and
the environment;</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Technologies and practices that
undercut our future food producing capacities, damage the environment and put
our health at risk. These include transgenic crops and animals, terminator
technology, industrial aquaculture and destructive fishing practices, the
so-called White Revolution of industrial dairy practices, the so-called ‘old’
and ‘new’ Green Revolutions, and the “Green Deserts” of industrial bio-fuel
monocultures and other plantations;</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">The privatization and
commodification of food, basic and public services, knowledge, land, water,
seeds, livestock and our natural heritage;</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Development projects/models and
extractive industries that displace people and destroy our environments and
natural heritage</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(51,102,255)">,</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"> <i>etc, </i></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Special Rapporteur on the Right to
Food, Hilal Elver, interim report 3 August 2016 A/71/282 (3)</span></b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">"It is imperative that global
food systems move away from agro-industrial production methods that are
responsible for dietary monotony and reliance on ultra processed food and
beverages towards a system that supports food sovereignty, small scale
producers and local markets, based on ecological balance, agro-biodiversity and
traditional practices. Food sovereignty allows people to define their own
policies and strategies for sustainable production, distribution and
consumption of food. Globally, the majority of food is supplied by local
farmers. Therefore efforts to combat malnutrition should support smallholder
farmers and promote nutrition sensitive production. Agroecology ensures food
and nutrition security without compromising the economic, social and
environmental needs of future generations. It focuses on maintaining productive
agriculture that sustains yields and optimizes the use of local resources while
minimizing the negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts of modern
technologies.<b>" </b>(p.22) </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">The Special Rapporteur recommends
(among many other things)</span></b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">- a legally binding instrument to
regulate the activities of transnational corporations</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">- that States ensure the political
and financial commitment needed to shift from current industrial agricultural
systems to nutrition sensitive agroecology that is healthy for people and
sustainable for the planet.</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">- States adopt an initiative similar
to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control to regulate the food and
beverage industry and protect individuals form the negative health and
nutrition effects of highly processed foods. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Human rights and social justice or
the ‘Rights’ of Traders and Investors? (4)</span></b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">The primacy of human rights law over
all other legal frameworks, enshrined in the UN Charter and UN Bill of Rights,
has been sidelined by the economic power of corporate and financial interests,
and the instruments to judge disputes between the interests of private
investors and those of society as a whole, in particular of those most affected
by exclusion, discrimination, poverty, violence and exploitation, are totally
private in nature, off limits for public scrutiny and counting on the political
collusion of the select group of highly industrialized countries. »
(Authors’ note : the WTO is key to the impunity of corporate crimes)</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">The food sovereignty framework
brings the dimension of power to the fore, identifying who should control
natural and productive resources and their uses; who should define food and
nutrition and related policies and who should regulate powerful economic
actors, including those at the international level, particularly TNCs.  </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">It is important to note that various
initiatives of the "international community" (including the High Level
Task Force on Global Food and Nutrition, the G8 Global Partnership for
Agricultural and Food security, the Global Redesign Initiative of the WEF, and
SUN and the New Alliance on Food Security and Nutrition for Africa), appear to
contribute to further violations of the Right to Food.  "Despite lip
service paid to reducing hunger and malnutrition, <b>the workplans concentrate
on dismantling national customary or legislated law on land tenure, seeds and
water, which might interfere with the wish of investors and TNCs</b> to
purchase large extensions of former commons for agriculture or extractive
purposes (including water), control the seed market and forbid traditional
practices of seed exchange. The process is well advanced in several countries
and will certainly result in massive displacement of rural populations,
increasing the migratory pressure towards unprepared urban centres or Europe.
(4)</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Valente and Montes note that
government confidence in vision one (see 1.1 above) has decreased following the
"food crises of 2007-2008 characterized by food price volatility, great
speculation in commodity futures, blockages of food exports and acute
intensification of land grabbing practices." </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Encouragingly, in 2016, the European
Parliament approved a resolution that aligns itself with the criticisms made by
civil society organizations about initiatives such as the G8 New Alliance.
(reported in Valente and Montes but no reference) </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Epilogue:</span></b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">180 colleagues are signatories to the Urgent
Call referred to in this discussion piece. It is to them and all those involved
in the struggle for the right to food that we address this reflection piece,
not <span style="color:black">because we think that everything in the Urgent
Call is wrong --this is not at all the case-- but because we feel that some of
the basic tenets are misleading and tend to support the underlying system that
needs replacement in order for the right to food to become a reality. </span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">January 2020</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Alison Katz (People's Health
Movement, Centre Europe Tiers Monde) </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Patti Rundall (International Baby
Food Action Network) </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Claudio Schuftan (People's Health
Movement, World Public health Nutrition Association)<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><span> </span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 7pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">References</span></b><b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times"><span></span></span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span> </span></p>

<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span><span>1.<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">    
</span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Buse K, Patterson D,
Magnusson R and Toebes, B.  <i>Urgent call for human rights guidance on
diet and food systems</i>. BMJ 30 Oct 2019. </span><span><a href="https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2019/10/30/urgent-call-for-human-rights-guidance-on-diets-and-food-systems/?utm_source=Global+Health+NOW+Main+List&utm_campaign=94ec801d8a-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_10_31_12_49&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_8d0d062dbd-94ec801d8a-876099" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2019/10/30/urgent-call-for-human-rights-guidance-on-diets-and-food-systems/?utm_source=Global+Health+NOW+Main+List&utm_campaign=94ec801d8a-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_10_31_12_49&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_8d0d062dbd-94ec801d8a-876099</span></a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span><span>2.<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">    
</span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">The Nyeleni Declaration,
Mali, 2007. </span><span><a href="https://nyeleni.org/IMG/pdf/DeclNyeleni-en.pdf" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:navy">https://nyeleni.org/IMG/pdf/DeclNyeleni-en.pdf</span></a></span><span></span></p>

<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span><span>3.<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">    
</span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Report of the Special
Rapporteur on the right to food and nutrition (A/71/282).</span><span></span></p>

<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span><span>4.<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">    
</span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Flavio Luiz Schiek
Valente and Denisse Cordova Montes. <i>The human right to adequate food and
nutrition within a framework        of food sovereignty</i>.
Policy in Focus, Vol 13(2) Oct 2016.</span><span></span></p>

<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span><span>5.<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">    
</span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">CETIM (Centre Europe
Tiers Monde), Geneva, 2015. <a href="https://www.cetim.ch/a-un-declaration-on-the-rights-of-peasants/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">https://www.cetim.ch/a-un-declaration-on-the-rights-of-peasants/</a></span><span></span></p>

<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span><span>6.<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">    
</span></span></span><span><a href="https://viacampesina.org/en/united-nations-third-committee-approves-the-un-declaration-on-the-rights-of-peasants-and-other-people-working-in-rural-areas/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:navy">https://viacampesina.org/en/united-nations-third-committee-approves-the-un-declaration-on-the-rights-of-peasants-and-other-people-working-in-rural-areas/</span></a></span><span></span></p>

<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span><span>7.<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">    
</span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Jose Luis Vivero Pol and
Claudio Schuftan. <i>No right to food and nutrition in the SDGs: mistake or success?</i></span><span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5321330/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:navy"> BMJ Glob
Health</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">. 2016; 1(1):
e000040.Published online 2016 Jun 7. doi: </span><span><a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjgh-2016-000040" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:navy">10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000040</span></a></span><span></span></p>

<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span><span>8.<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">    
</span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><span> </span>Carlos A. Monteiro and Geoffrey Cannon. The
Impact of Transnational “Big Food” Companies on the South: A View from Brazil.
July 3, 2012 </span><span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001252" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001252</span></a></span><span></span></p>

<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span><span>9.<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">    
</span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Liberation Serif","serif";color:black">The International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (WHO
1981) and subsequent relevant resolutions.</span><span></span></p>

<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span><span>10.<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Liberation Serif","serif";color:black">1996 WHA
Res 49.15 : Preambular para : « Concerned that health
institutions and ministries may be subject to subtle pressure to accept,
inappropriately, financial or other support for professional training in infant
and child health ». . . urged Member States . . .(2) to ensure that the
financial support for professionals working in infant and young child health
does not create conflicts of interest, especially with regard to the WHO/UNICEF
Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative ; (3) to ensure that monitoring the
application of the International Code and subsequent relevant resolutions is
carried out in a transparent, independent manner, free from commercial
influence : </span><span><a href="http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/WHA49.15_iycn_en.pdf?us=1" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Liberation Serif","serif";color:navy">http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/WHA49.15_iycn_en.pdf?ua=1</span></a></span><span></span></p>

<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span><span>11.<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Liberation Serif","serif";color:black">Dialogue
or engineering of consent ? Opportunities and risks of talking to industry.
Judith Richter. h</span><span><a href="http://www/gifa.org/publications/dialogue-or-engineering-of-consent-opportunitities-and-risks" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Liberation Serif","serif";color:navy">ttp://www/gifa.org/publications/dialogue-or-engineering-of-consent-opportunitities-and-risks</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Liberation Serif","serif";color:black">-of-talking-to-industry/</span><span></span></p>

<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span><span>12.<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Liberation Serif","serif";color:black">Protecting
infant health : IBFAN stands up to a new initiative by the Bill and
Melinda Gates Foundation. </span><span><a href="http://www.babymilkaction.org/archives/15050" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Liberation Serif","serif";color:navy">http://www.babymilkaction.org/archives/15050</span></a></span><span></span></p>

<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span><span>13.<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Liberation Serif","serif";color:black">Interference
in public health policy : examples of how the baby food industry uses
tobacco industry tactics. World Nutrition, 2017. </span><span><a href="http://worldnutritionjournal.org/index.php/wn/article/view/155" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Liberation Serif","serif";color:navy">http://worldnutritionjournal.org/index.php/wn/article/view/155</span></a></span><span></span></p>

<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span><span>14.<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:"Liberation Serif","serif";color:black">240 civil society organizations
and 40 international networks have called on the UN Secretary-General to end
the UN’s Strategic Partnership Agreement with the World Economic Forum (WEF)
which they claim is delegitimizing the United Nations and weakening the rôle of
states in global decision making. September 2019 bit/ly/21DRuV </span><span></span></p>

<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span><span>15.<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(255,51,51)"><a href="https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/73/165" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/73/165</a>
</span><span></span></p>

<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(255,51,51)"><span> </span></span></p>

<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span> </span></p><br></div></div>