<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:large"><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">-----<br>From: <b class="gmail_sendername" dir="auto">Jomo</b> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:jomoks@yahoo.com">jomoks@yahoo.com</a>></span><br></div><br><div><div class="m_-7221393877492133643ydpdfd707f8yahoo-style-wrap" style="font-family:garamond,new york,times,serif;font-size:16px"><div><b style="color:rgb(38,40,42);font-family:Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">World Bank Dispossessing Rural Poor</b><br></div></div><div id="m_-7221393877492133643ydpcf391a79yahoo_quoted_6298215232" class="m_-7221393877492133643ydpcf391a79yahoo_quoted"><div style="font-family:'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px;color:#26282a"><div><div id="m_-7221393877492133643ydpcf391a79yiv5344872531"><div class="m_-7221393877492133643ydpcf391a79yiv5344872531yqt1986705999" id="m_-7221393877492133643ydpcf391a79yiv5344872531yqtfd53552"><div><div class="m_-7221393877492133643ydpcf391a79yiv5344872531ydpf79411eyahoo_quoted" id="m_-7221393877492133643ydpcf391a79yiv5344872531ydpf79411eyahoo_quoted_5555918603"><div style="font-family:'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px;color:#26282a"><div><div dir="ltr"><i><br clear="none"></i></div><div dir="ltr"><i>Jomo Kwame Sundaram, Anis Chowdhury</i><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">KUALA LUMPUR and SYDNEY, Apr 16 (IPS) - The World Bank's Enabling the Business of Agriculture (EBA) project, launched in 2013, has sought agricultural reforms favouring the corporate sector. EBA was initially established to support the New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition, initiated by the G8 to promote private agricultural development in Africa.<br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">The New Alliance has been touted as "a new model of partnership" for agricultural transformation in Africa. The Bank has used the EBA to address the land issue in developing countries, particularly in Africa. The effort is strongly supported by the US and UK governments as well as the Gates Foundation, all strong proponents of corporate agriculture. <br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">Emulating the influential annual World Bank Doing Business report, the EBA scores countries on the ease of doing business in agriculture. It purports to measure ‘legal barriers' to agribusiness and to prescribe reforms in twelve areas, including seeds, fertilizers, trade and machinery. <br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">It advocates reforms in favour of agribusiness. For example, governments should weaken regulations over seeds, fertilizers and pesticides and strengthen foreign agribusiness power and influence. Missing from the partnership are peasants and indigenous peoples whose livelihoods depend on traditional land uses.<br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">Dangerous new indicator<br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">The 2017 EBA report proposed a new indicator on land. Introduced as a pilot for 38 countries, the land indicator is expected to be extended to more countries in the 2019 EBA report. The Bank claims to be seeking to better protect land rights and to ensure more equity in land access. <br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">EBA best practices point to a very different agenda based on promoting large-scale industrial agriculture at the expense of family farmers, pastoralists and indigenous peoples. It is biased towards industrial agriculture and agribusiness, and the intent of the new indicator makes it even more urgent to challenge the EBA initiative.<br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">The EBA advocates certain reforms and policy measures, raising concerns about its likely impact, if implemented by governments. To enhance land use productivity, the Bank advocates formalizing (private) property rights, easing the sale and lease of land for commercial use, land expropriation and public land auctions. <br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">UNCTAD's 2009 World Investment Report cautioned that "Greater involvement by TNCs will not automatically lead to greater productivity in agriculture, rural development or the alleviation of poverty and hunger". <br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">Even joint research by World Bank and IFPRI staff is circumspect about the claimed benefits of large scale commercial farming in light of likely environmental, social and productivity impacts. Large scale commercial farming has often involved environmental degradation, forced evictions and human rights violations, worsening food insecurity and livelihood destruction. <br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">Legal land grabbing<br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">Since the turn of the century, large-scale land acquisitions by transnational corporations (TNCs) in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, have accelerated. Such land targeted by ‘investors' has often long been used by local people who may not have property titles, often deemed unnecessary. <br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">Land use practices have often evolved with changing demography, ecology, knowledge and technology. Legally, such land may be deemed either public or state land, and/or land to which local communities claim customary rights. <br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">Unsurprisingly, such land grabs have encountered resistance from many opposing expropriation of their land. Some have been successful in delaying, disrupting or blocking new plantations, large farms and ranches.<br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">Enabling land privatization<br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">Much public land in developing countries is used in line with customary practices. Communally managed natural resources -- water, forests, grazing land -- are generally recognized as essential for sustaining the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of rural poor.<br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">In customary law, land is typically valued as a shared inherited resource, often with deep social and cultural significance. Ignoring this, the Bank is urging governments to privatize public land with ‘potential economic value' for commercial use, so that it can be put to its ‘best use'. <br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">The Bank has been promoting the formalization of private land ownership to encourage agribusiness investments in capital-intensive agriculture, to increase productivity. Commodifying land will enable more capital-intensive agricultural production as the Bank believes that "undocumented [land] rights pose challenges and risks to investors". <br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">By scoring countries in terms of ease of accessing land for agribusiness, the new EBA land indicator seeks to accelerate land privatization and to facilitate corporate access to land in developing countries. By enhancing property rights and making land a ‘transferable asset', its use as collateral for credit is also enhanced. <br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">Marginalizing rural poor<br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">The Bank strategy either ignores or seeks to take advantage of the considerable vulnerability of many family farmers, worsened as the land they depend on for their livelihoods becomes a tradable asset. <br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">The development of land markets increases commercial pressure on land, destroying the livelihoods of many depending on land and the commons—grazing and fishing grounds, and forests. <br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">By promoting land as a marketable commodity, the land indicator inevitably enables greater concentration of land ownership. In economies with ‘formal' land tenure systems, farmers often lose their land to creditors. <br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">Spreading such property rights will legally facilitate land dispossession, concentration and grabbing. While jobs may be created for some locals, many more may be marginalized without much hope for alternative livelihoods elsewhere. <br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">Thus, facilitating corporate agriculture by concentrating control over land use is likely to exacerbate rural poverty and overall inequality. Land titling, purportedly to protect land users from eviction, thus accelerates dispossession of current land users. Hence, the EBA should be ditched. <br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">Instead, governments should be helped to design food and agriculture policies that empower family farmers, pastoralists and indigenous peoples to address the major challenges of poverty, hunger, malnutrition, environmental degradation, resource depletion and climate change. <br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">Jomo Kwame Sundaram, a former economics professor, was Assistant Director-General for Economic and Social Development, Food and Agriculture Organization, and received the Wassily Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought in 2007.<br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">Anis Chowdhury, Adjunct Professor at Western Sydney University & University of New South Wales (Australia), held senior United Nations positions in New York and Bangkok.<br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">***<br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">---------------------------------------<br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">Excerpt: <br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">Related Links<br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">Visit this story at <a shape="rect" href="http://ipsnews.net/2019/04/world-bank-dispossessing-rural-poor" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://ipsnews.net/2019/04/world-bank-dispossessing-rural-poor</a><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div></div>
</div>
</div></div></div></div></div>
</div>
</div></div></div></div>