<div dir="ltr">LAST INSTALLMENT.<br><div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">For 6 weeks, the PHM-exchange has, on a weekly basis, been bring you summaries of all the chapters of its recently published Global Health Watch 5. By the time this last installment is sent out, PHM expects to be able to post the full text of GHW5 electronically for your reading and perusal. <br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr">We encourage you to read, use and share this material since it provides crucial advocacy contents.<b><span></span></b><br><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">
<br></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:8pt">As in the case of all previous Global Health Watches,
GHW5 does nothing but build on PHM’s People’s Charter for Health launched in
the year 2000. <span></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:8pt">All Watches tell activists worldwide what issues worry
PHM and its partners, why we denounce them, what consequences loom in the
future if nothing is done about them, what (if anything) is being done about
them and what actions PHM calls for and supports.<span></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:8pt">GHW5 presents to you a decisive global health critique
and outlook not easily found elsewhere.<span></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b>D5. INVESTMENT
TREATIES: HOLDING GOVERNMENTS TO RANSOM.<span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">It is evident that the rights given to investors in bilateral
investment treaties and free trade agreements significantly restrict governments’
ability to regulate how companies operate within its national borders especially
when TNCs challenge health, environmental and other laws and policies. This has
prompted calls for the rejection or the overhaul of the global investment treaty
framework. Governments should no longer sign any trade agreement that includes
investor-state dispute mechanisms. They should withdraw from or renegotiate
existing contracts and instead favor domestic investor protection laws. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">These treaties further often have a negative interplay with
human rights treaties --one more powerful reason to be vigilant. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Both bilateral and multilateral investment treaties
aggravate the problems of extreme poverty, jeopardize foreign debt negotiations
and affect the rights of indigenous people and other persons living in vulnerable
situations. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">The call is for greater transparency and public consultation
in current trade and investment agreement negotiations, as well as for human rights
impact assessments of these treaties so as to ensure full citizens protection
and enjoyment of human rights.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">States need protection from predatory investors and TNCs that
do not hesitate to engage in frivolous litigations that are extremely expensive
and have resulted in awards in the billions of dollars and millions in legal costs.
The time has come to abolish investor-state dispute mechanisms.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Xx<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b>D6. FRAMING OF HEALTH
AS A SECURITY ISSUE.<span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Since the 1990s, health issues have increasingly been framed
as security threats. As such, collective health security is concerned with
preventing potential threats to <u>developed</u> countries. But funds allocated
have not been spent on reforms to ensure long-term health systems
strengthening. This is problematic. It constructs a dynamic in which global
health actors become focused on developing surveillance systems and ‘fighting
wars’ against outbreaks. This means that the underlying causes of epidemics
that are rooted in the lack of access to healthcare and underlying social, economic
and political determinants of health are overlooked. It also results in the
misallocation of scarce resources in a manner that undermines efforts to extend
universal health coverage to vulnerable populations so as to improve the social
determinants of health.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">What is needed is to demand a more people-centered approach
to health security taking a more long-term view and building up health systems.
For all thee reasons, GHW5 recommends the securization of health must be
treated with skepticism by global health activists and academics.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Xxx<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b>D7. POLITICS OF DATA,
INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE.<span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">The politics of measurement actually fogs-over health policy
analysis. There are significant costs related to dishonest data and secrecy. It
is also necessary to appreciate how official information systems are cast
within, as well as project a particular ideology notwithstanding their veneer
of objectivity. The quality of research is often subject to the gatekeepers’
interpretation of both the social value of the anticipated knowledge production
and the proposed (or used) methodology. The most striking of measure of
political bias in research funding is the imbalance between funding of basic
science/clinical medicine and (the lack of) funding for research on the
delivery of healthcare and prevention. There is an increasing preference for
research methodologies that yield quantitative estimates amenable to
statistical testing over qualitative methods. Research performance (and
funding) of universities is being measured in terms of publication in highly
cited journals. Academic collaboration with communities, learning from practice
and locally relevant knowledge are discounted in favor of technological
research-oriented material useful for the new globalized marketplace.<span> </span>Worrisome are fraudulent analyses of clinical
trials data and the failure to publish negative studies. Needed is a mandatory
registration of all clinical trials. The corrupting influence of corporate
sponsorship of clinical trials is at the center of this worry.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Program evaluations mostly attempt to assure donors that
their funds are being productively used.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span> </span>GHW5 thinks the
hegemonic ideology behind all of this can be challenged.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Xxx<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b>D8. ACCES AND BENEFIT
SHARING FORM VACCINES.<span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">This chapter is based on the experiences drawn from the
pandemic influenza preparedness framework.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Technologies and know-how used in vaccines development and
production is largely based in developed countries and is indeed also protected
by intellectual property. This creates more obstacles for developing countries.
<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Pandemic preparedness also includes a fair and transparent
sharing of viruses intended to make access to vaccines made from them accessible
to poor countries. It is also to be made clear that neither the provider nor
the recipient should seek to obtain any intellectual property rights on these
materials. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Also indispensible will be royalty free licenses to vaccine
manufacturers in developing countries including receiving support in the
transfer of technology and know-how.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Multilateral access and benefit-sharing <span> </span>with equity <span> </span>are at the core of these arrangements, with
WHO<span> </span>facilitating all aspects of the
pandemic preparedness process.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Xxx<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b>D9. TOTAL SANITATION
PROGRAMSAT THE COST OF HUMAN DIGNITY.<span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">This chapter critically interrogates the ongoing
Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) Program. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">The CLTS model exemplifies a neoliberal approach that
individualizes problems and their solution, CLTS has been termed ‘Toilet
Tyranny’ since it shames people who defecate in the open and do not have
latrines. This very vertical program frees governments from promoting true all-round
welfare for their citizens. This, because access to latrines and good sanitation
is an inclusive human right and all those rendered poor stand to benefit the
most from such access provided as a priority by government programs. Blaming those
rendered poor for living in unsanitary conditions, as the CLTS does, is not the
way to address these problems.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Participatory, and not top-down, processes are needed to
ensure universal access to sanitation facilities. The first big issue to address
actually concerns the availability of water for the toilets <u>and</u> for safe
water for drinking.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Women currently have to fill and carry water for servicing
toilets, in addition to arranging water for cooking, drinking and washing. This
is thus also a human rights concern that must be addressed. Women’s participation
is key. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Coercive practices, such as those in the CLTS program, lend
themselves to gross violations of the rights of people. Clearly a course
correction in the model is overdue.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Xxx<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span><span>A.<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span></b><b>RESISTANCE,
ACTIONS AND CHANGE.<span></span></b></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b>E1. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
DEFEND PROGRESSIVE HEALTH REFORMS.<span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">This chapter is based on the experiences in El Salvador.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">The role of a pressure groups to influence key political
actors, i.e., the role of social movements as a political force was proven here
to be the decisive factor for the needed reforms to have proceeded. Using this
approach, among many other: <span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>fees for treatment were abolished;<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>community health teams were rolled out in the
country’s poorest municipalities and new community clinics were added that had
well organized referral and reverse referral systems; <span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>quite massive human resources were trained and
hired and facilities were repaired and expanded; needed equipment was acquired;<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>pharmaceutical manufacturers were removed from
the Medicines Regulatory Board that controls purchases and procurement; <span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>a price regulation system and quality control
mechanisms were set up that reduced the out-of-pocket expenditures of patients;
<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>drug shortages in the public network was reduced
by more than half in 5 years; the medicines supplier base was broadened and the
in-country production capacity of medicines was expanded;<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>it was decided that taxation had to be the base
of healthcare financing; <span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>tax evasion was curtailed and<span> </span>laws of progressive taxation were introduced;
<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>an increase of minimum wages was instituted; <span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>social auditing of the health system provided
information to the public so as to change their attitude; <span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>mobilized groups closely interacted with PHC facilities<span> </span>and hospital administration in their areas; <span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>information was also disseminated through workshops
and seminars, as well as through press conferences.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">GHW5 emphasizes that all these changes were possible because
social movements played a key role in pressing for these progressive measures.
Street mobilizations showed how the balance of power can indeed be shifted.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Countries such as El Salvador just cannot conduct a lone
battle, and progressive initiatives will flounder in the absence of international
solidarity.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Xx<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b>E2. CONTESTATIONS
CONCERNING THE MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION.<span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Experiences here come from India.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Malnutrition is the outcome of socioeconomic and political
inequalities. It thus has to be managed with a strong focus on its root causes.
<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Unfortunately, the approach followed has been informed by a
biomedical rather than a public health perspective where malnutrition is often
treated without considering its broader social determinants. This approach includes
using manufactured commercial products for the treatment and prevention of
undernutrition which is of great concern since there is a lack of evidence for its
long term health impacts. These products, generically known as Ready to Use
Therapeutic Foods (RUTFs) do not, by any means, replace nutritional best practices
and consumption of normal household foods. Too often locally sourced ingredients
are not used in their manufacture. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">The entry of the private sector has resulted in commercial
interests coming into conflict with the local public health challenges behind malnutrition.
The increase in producers of RUTFs has resulted in their development for the consumption
by populations that are not suffering from severe acute malnutrition which is
what RUTFs should be used for. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">These product-based solutions being offered to combat malnutrition
fail to address issues regarding the prevention of malnutrition, important
continuity of care and sustainability issues, as well as having a negative impact
on local food systems and economies or even on efficacy.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">This all medicalizes the management of malnutrition and unacceptably
minimizes community participation and ownership. A comprehensive participatory
approach will clearly provide better access, sustainability and continuity of
care at lower costs with fair outcomes.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">The use of commercial RUTFs only has an impact equivalent of
that of augmented home foods so that their use goes against the available
evidence. Compelling evidence points to the efficacy and greater sustainability
of comprehensive community-based nutrition programs that incorporate the use of
locally devised solutions.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">xxx <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b>E3.<span> </span>PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV: THE STRUGLE FOR
ACCESS.<span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">The experiences here also come from India.<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>Massive campaigns for the access to
antiretroviral therapy took years of long struggle and advocacy to organize,
but the government finally announced its plan to provide these drugs to the
affected population in December of 2003.<span>
</span>Much of the struggle was related to allowing free competition in the
manufacture of generics;<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>patents on these medicines were abolished with
costs dropping to 1/10 to 1/5 of prices in the global market;<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>ceilings on royalties to multinational corporations
were introduced; <span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>manouvers by Big Pharma to<span> </span>extend their exclusive patent rights were successfully
opposed and the law allowed challenging new patent applications; the threat of
patent rejection lead companies to withdraw their applications;<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>public interest groups were critical sources of
technical information and analysis, as well as of social mobilization; <span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>the right to protect public health was made paramount
in promoting access to medicines for all;<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>several victories<span> </span>in courts ensured that generic versions of
ARVs continued to be available;<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>also, different health groups undertook
protests, and organized press conferences to maintain the public focus on the
case. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">The end result was a string of victories for people living
with HIV who could now continue to rely on access to affordable treatment.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Several Indian companies have now been acquired by TNCs or
have tie-ups with them so they are now less likely to challenge patents.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">The successful use of patent opposition has inspired similar
work in other countries. These successes have not come easily and many
countries are now facing a persistent onslaught from several TNCs. Developed
countries are not only using FTA negotiations, but are also using bilateral
pressure to defend the patents of the corps they house. GHW5 calls for
continued vigilance.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Experiences so far show the benefits of using the legal system
to achieve gains for people’s rights. Most importantly, they show that community
groups are at the heart of the successful use of litigation.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Xxx<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b>E4. COMMUNITY
ENGAGEMENT IN THE STRUGGLE FOR HEALTH.<span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Experiences here come from two movements in Italy.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">The food sovereign movement here showed that the access to
healthy food in the country was not possible without fighting against the
prevailing exploitation, land grabbing and environmental devastation, as well
as without practicing alternative forms of governance rooted in local and
autonomous communities.<span> </span>The work of the
group supporting a community struggle against the effects of asbestos became an
example and an inspiration internationally for the struggle against
environmental pollution and violence in many communities.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Xxx<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><span style="font-size:10pt">Claudio<span></span></span></p>
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