<div dir="ltr"><br><div class="gmail_extra"><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr"><div>For 6 weeks, the PHM-exchange will, on a weekly basis, bring you summaries of all the chapters of its recently published Global Health Watch 5. By the time the last installment is sent out, PHM expects to be able to post the full text of GHW5 electronically for your reading and perusal. We encourage you to read, use and share this material since it provides crucial advocacy contents.</div></div><div dir="ltr"> <b><span style="font-size:8pt"><br></span></b></div><div dir="ltr"><b><span style="font-size:8pt">As in the case of all previous Global Health Watches,
GHW5 does nothing but build on PHM’s People’s Charter for Health launched in
the year 2000. <span></span></span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:8pt">All Watches tell activists worldwide what issues worry
PHM and its partners, why we denounce them, what consequences loom in the
future if nothing is done about them, what (if anything) is being done about
them and what actions PHM calls for and supports.<span></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-size:8pt">GHW5 presents to you a decisive global health critique
and outlook not easily found elsewhere.<span></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b><span> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b>C3. LACK OF PROGRESS
IN WOMEN’S SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND RIGHTS.<span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Experiences here come from Chile.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Gender inequalities are partially manifested in the treatment
of women’s sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) where there has
been a significant lack of progress towards securing better health outcomes.
The role of power in policy making on these issues is too often overlooked. They
are, for sure, overlooked in health reform debates. The marginalization of
women within central decision making arenas is pathetic. This raises significant
questions about the likelihood of SRHR issues being taken up as political
matters of serious concern.<span> </span>Moreover, attempts
to introduce a more redistributive focus on the health system are, quite
predictably blocked by private insurance companies. The influence of the
Catholic Church in health policy making in this area cannot be denied --certainly
impacting women’s health outcomes. Despite there being low popular adherence to
the Church, the Church has successfully maintained a conservative agenda on
issues of reproductive rights. Add to this the Church’s alliance with
conservative business and right wing elites and you get the full picture. This chokehold
also has an influence on sex education in schools, as well as on access to
emergency contraception and to abortion. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">The medical profession has further failed to prioritize
women’s own definitions of their health. Health and medical workers still exert
power and control over women seeking health care services, a sit that has
arguably been reinforced in the context of privatization of these services.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">If governments are serious about their commitment to overcoming
inequalities and meeting development goals, it is essential that SRHR issues
are forcefully and fully addressed. PHM is active in this struggle.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Xxx<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b>C4. TRADE AGREEMENTS
AND HEALTH WORKERS <span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Trade agreements have substantial effects on the well-being
and livelihoods of people, including on their health. Think, for example, on
the issue of access to essential medicines. Additional reasons of concern are: a
lack of transparency in the negotiation of these FTAs, the heavy involvement of
private lobby groups, the facts that developing countries are usually in a week
bargaining position and that developed countries attempt to remove any
flexibilities favoring developing countries. The existing power imbalances are
reflected in the rules established in these agreements (they tend to deepen
inequalities in multiple ways). <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">FTAs promote corporate interests at the expense of public health
priorities. They cause a loss of government revenue by the abolition or
lowering of tariffs on cross-border trade. In a significant proportion of government
revenues in the poorest countries this loss limits the capacity of these countries
to implement social policies and to make investments in vital sectors such as health
and education.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Note that health care in developing countries can be very
profitable, so commercial interests do get involved. (The health sector is one
of the fastest growing sectors in the world economy). FTAs encourage the commercialization
and the privatization of health services. Insurance companies are always in search
for new markets!<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Trade agreements lock countries into a situation where privatization
of health services becomes irreversible. They are loaded in favor of Big Pharma
and often promote monopolistic situations. They often lead to changes in diets
and the nutrition status of the population. Food imports, especially of ultra-processed
foods have more than doubled since 2000. This is accompanied by rising rates of
obesity and chronic diseases. Poor households are most sensitive to these changes
since it is them that consume cheaper ultra-processed foods. Consumption of
alcohol is also driven up.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Trade further indirectly affects working conditions of the
working class with increased powerlessness of them to exercise their workplace
rights. More severe adverse effects on healt can be expected in countries with
limited social protection. Note that availability of social protection is usually
restricted to standard, formal employment relationships and not to different
forms of precarious employment.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Basically, maintaining competitive prices has been achieved
at the expense of workers’ rights. When employment and working conditions
worsen under pressure of FTAs, women are the first to be affected. Informal workers
(the majority of whom are women) do not receive any social protection.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Trade liberalization has negative effects on the unionization
of workers and their bargaining power as employees. The disempowerment of
workers and their unions has gone hand in hand with the increasing power of
large TNCs and their influence on policies on labor. If workers try to organize
to change their situation, they may be blacklisted or threatened. Consequently,
they are afraid to stand up for their rights.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">The TPP (now approved with modifications) is unlikely to
increase the power of workers --actually the contrary is more likely. Signatory
countries <span> </span>of the TPP find an inadequate
range of domestic options to meet minimum labor standards to be eligible for
FTAs. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Many provisions in FTAs pertaining to labor are largely
ornamental and offer little concrete improvements especially since labor provisions
often lack binding rules for workers to claim. Plus there is a lack of sanction
mechanisms in the case of failure of compliance.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Claims that increased trade leads to econ growth and well-being
are contradicted by facts. The negative effects on health occur through various
pathways.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">There is an urgent need to think beyond a framework that is
bound by the neoliberal recipes. We have to go beyond.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Developing countries must be compensated for revenue losses
arising from lower tariffs demanded by developed countries that demand lowering
or removal of tariff barriers.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Xxx<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b>C5. PUBLIC HEALTH IN
THE EXTRACTIVE SECTOR. <span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Experiences here come from East and Southern Africa.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">What is missing for public health aspects to be respected by
extractive industries are a transparent, democratic and accountable government-led
governance system that addresses these issues, with greater voice and influence
from public interest CSOs, as well as affected communities so as to face
industry on an equal footing.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">International standards relating to health in instances of
extractive industries are actually not covered completely by any country. None of
them requires explicit health sector approval for their operations. There are basically
weak specific provisions for health and social protection, as well as for relocating
affected communities due to poor representation of the directly affected in
related decision making and in grievances redressal. Few countries include health
care or medical surveillance for affected workers since this is regarded as a
matter of voluntary corporate social responsibility.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Let us face it: The ‘polluter pays’ remedy reluctantly
offered leaves public health harms unresolved. Corrective actions triggered by
claims against corporations are seldom carried out. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">The most serious problem here is the gap between what the
law or policy says should happen and what in reality does happen. Countries are
simply ill-prepared to manage the social issues in the rapidly growing
extractive industry sector.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Government too often agree to investor-friendly clauses so
as to attract foreign investment. But states face capacity deficits on the
regulation front with fines imposed ending up being too low to have a deterrent
effect.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Poorly negotiated contracts, tax concessions cost countries
significant revenues. Voluntary measures do not address the health determinants
that arise from extractive industry activities. This reflects the corporate public
relations and lobbying power. Voluntary corporate social responsibility has
never had a commitment to involve affected communities.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">As regards accountability, public interest CSOs need to
carry out the independent oversight function needed through comities with clear
disclosure obligations. Workers and unions must exercise joint pressure and not
only focus on wage demands. A demand for a meaningful voice is called-for as
are transparent environmental <u>and</u> health impact assessment studies.
Local communities are to further receive an appropriate small share of the economic
and social benefits of extractive operations.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Power asymmetries between global corporate actors, the
states and communities are at the base of the problems addressed here.
Public-public partnerships between affected communities, CSOs and state
institutions are needed.<span> </span>CSOs are to
collect the evidence needed to regulate the commercial interests that are harmful
to health --even if this means confront the economic powers involved. There is
an urgent need to move from just demanding medical services for the affected to
advocate and demand what rights and obligations must be secured.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Xxx<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria"><b>C6. THE WAR ON DRUGS:
FROM LAW ENFORCEMENT TO PUBLIC HEALTH.<span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">The war on drugs is not working. It has also undermined
health and has failed some of the poorest groups worldwide. The ‘war’ must move
towards adopting a public health approach. Strict prohibition has meant: there
are no controls on drugs strength and purity; injections are most frequently
done with unsafe equipment; aerial drug crops spraying has not worked and has ended
up endangering the health of exposed local residents.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Moreover, the use of needed essential medicines for pain management
has been highly restricted due to the ‘war’. The availability of needed essential
opioid analgesics has been severely curbed. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">The criminalization of people who use drugs has acted and
acts as a strong barrier to accessing medical care. Harm reduction services
giving access to sterile injecting equipment through needle and syringe programs
remain essential in reducing HIV transmission and prevalence. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">It is almost always the poorest and most marginalized that
bears the brunt of the war on drugs. Taking the public health approach to drug
policy will mean that people who use drugs will no longer be targeted --a human
rights abuse; they will be able to access the health and support services they
need. Money spent on enforcing failing drug laws <u>can</u> be freed and spent
on public services, e.g., emphasizing harm reduction services, legalizing
cannabis for recreational use. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Decriminalization with strict regulation is possible, GHW5
argues. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria">Bottom line, drug use is a public health problem requiring public
health solutions. No one-size-fits-all approach will do. Active participation
of those who are most affected is a must.<span></span></p>
<br></div></div></div></div>