<div dir="ltr">From: <b class="gmail_sendername">South Centre</b> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:south@southcentre.int">south@southcentre.int</a>></span><br><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div><div class="gmail_quote"><b><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica neue,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:30px"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">Access To Affordable Healthcare: A Global Wake-Up Call Fosters Coalition Of The Like-Minded</span></span></span></b><br>
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<b><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span style="font-size:14px">By Patralekha Chatterjee</span></span></b><br>
<br>
<font face="arial, helvetica neue, helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"></span></font></div><div class="gmail_quote">Few topics in the global health agenda are as contentious as access to
affordable medicines and medical care, and expectedly, divergent views
permeated the discussions at a high-level conference in New Delhi, India
last week. But if there is one thing that the three-day meet made amply
clear, it was this: access to affordable healthcare has emerged as a
global problem, and an emerging coalition of the like-minded, cutting
across the developed and developing countries, is determined to have
their voices heard in international policy circles on the issue.<br>
<br>
The 1st World Conference on Access to Medical Products and International
Laws for Trade and Health in the context of the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development was held in New Delhi from 21-23 November.<br>
<br>
Organised by India’s Ministry of Health & Family Welfare with the
support of the World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office for India
in partnership with the Indian Society of International Law, the
conference brought together a wide range of stakeholders including many
scientists and key government officials from India, the host country,
academics from around the world, international NGOs like Médecins Sans
Frontières and also patient support groups.<br>
<br>
According to a concept note circulated in the run-up to the event, the
aim of the conference was “to provide a forum for stakeholder
participation in access to medicines debate including trade and health
policy” and “to inform policy in the framework of globalization and
trade agreements for access to medical products for achieving SDGs” (the
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals).<br>
<br>
Key ideas emanating from the conference are expected to contribute
towards discussions in the WHO Executive Board meeting in January.<br>
<br>
Two examples tellingly brought out the concerns surrounding the issue of
‘access’ during the deliberations at the New Delhi meet.<br>
<br>
First, that even a country as affluent as Switzerland did not offer
unrestricted reimbursement of new hepatitis C drugs through health
insurance to all patients till very recently. This led to many Swiss Hep
C patients buying generic versions of the drug – manufactured under
licence in countries like India – online or by travelling overseas, as
Christoph Spennemann, legal officer, intellectual property unit, UNCTAD
(UN Conference on Trade and Development), noted during one of his
presentations.<br>
<br>
Second, an intervention from the floor on the final day of the
conference from Archana Panda, member of a group which calls itself
Families of Spinal Muscular Atrophy India (FSMA India). Panda’s 15
year-old daughter suffers from Spinal Muscular Atrophy, and she
recounted the travails of a distraught parent who has no choice but to
mutely watch the condition of her child worsen though there is a new
medicine for the ailment – Spinraza, a US Food and Drug Administration
(FDA)-approved treatment from the multinational pharmaceutical company
Biogen. The reason: the cost was prohibitive (USD 750,000 per year per
child) and the manufacturer did not have any immediate plans for making
the drug available in India.<br>
<br>
Henk Bekedam, WHO representative to India, called it a “timely meeting”
as “India, considered the pharmacy of the world, is now moving from
generic drugs and vaccines to manufacturing medical products and
diagnostics and access to medicines and medical products is key to
universal health coverage.”<br>
<br>
The New Delhi conference provided a huge platform to advocates of the UN
High Level Panel on Medicines, and the report’s recommendations found
mention in several sessions during the three days.<br>
<br>
It also turned out to be an occasion where India sought to demonstrate
that it is not without allies or support. India has been under serious
pressure from countries that are home to multinational pharma companies,
notably the United States, and remains on the Office of the US Trade
Representative’s ‘priority watch’ list in its annual Special 301 report.
This report unilaterally assesses the adequacy of trading partners’
protection of US intellectual property rights.<br>
<br>
“The importance of IPR is acknowledged but that being said, we can’t say
that price control especially for medicines doesn’t matter. If you want
to sell in India, and it is an essential medicine, we have a right to
control prices. Our population can’t afford high prices. Making profits
is fine but making obnoxious profits is a ‘no.’ No country including the
US allows it. Why should we be defensive? We have one of the best
patent laws in the world,” Rajiv Aggarwal, joint secretary, Department
of Industrial Policy and Promotion, India Ministry of Commerce and
Industry, told Intellectual Property Watch. Asked about the attacks on
India’s patent regime, Aggarwal laughed. “That is okay. Don’t worry
about that.”<br>
<br>
“There is still a difference of opinions between developed countries and
developing countries. Developed countries are trying to kill TRIPS
flexibilities, but we are getting new allies – WHO and UNCTAD are
encouraging – there is increasing support for our policies,” G R
Raghavender, joint secretary, National Mission for Justice Delivery and
Legal Reforms, Ministry of Law and Justice India, told Intellectual
Property Watch. TRIPS refers to the World Trade Organization Agreement
on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.<br>
<br>
Ruth Dreifuss, co-chair of the UN High Level Panel on Medicines, former
President of the Swiss Federation, and one of the prominent delegates at
the conference, said in an interview, ‘What is important [about the
conference] was that there were representatives from countries that can
really push the WHO to take forward the proposals of the UN High Level
Panel on Access to Medicines and persuade their own expert groups on
access to medicines to take a step forward in practical terms. Countries
like India, Brazil, South Africa can push for discussions that can lead
to practical solutions.”<br>
<br>
“Collaboration between countries in the South-East Asian region can be a
key step if they are ready to have a common policy not just on
registration of drugs but also on what is patentable and what is not.
The other important aspect about the conference was its insistence on
the fact it is not just about medicines but also vaccines, diagnostics
and medical devices, Dreifuss added. “There is not enough awareness
about the high prices of diagnostics.”<br>
<br>
“It seems the government of India is taking research and development
seriously within the country and is interested in linking with other
countries at the global level. That is good,” Mohga Kamal Yanni, senior
health and HIV policy advisor, Oxfam, Great Britain, and a member of the
Expert Advisory Group advising the UN High Level Panel on Medicines,
told Intellectual Property Watch.<br>
<br>
“Even talking about transparency, low prices, R&D – all the issues
raised by the UN High-Level Panel – and taking it forward, despite the
huge pressure from countries like the United States and big
pharmaceutical companies, is something!” she said. “India has started
doing it; it needs to really invest in doing it and should really lead
the discourse, with like-minded governments. Now, there are governments
in Europe who say they have problems with pricing and look for other
models of innovation and they all need to link with other developing
countries like Brazil and South Africa and Egypt.”<br>
<br>
During his inaugural speech, India’s Health Minister J P Nadda made it
clear that India intended to align its public health goals with the
government’s flagship programme ‘Make in India.’<br>
<br>
“In India, nearly 150,000 orthopaedic knee procedures are done every
day. More investments and more players in the medical devices sector
will lead to lowering down of prices and access to medical products as
most of the governments are sensitive to access and pricing of medical
products,” Nadda said.<br>
<br>
One issue which featured prominently in discussions about intellectual
property rights, trade, and access to medical products was the use of
TRIPS flexibilities, the shorthand for public interest safeguards in the
TRIPS agreement.<br>
<br>
UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3, which speaks of the need to
‘ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages’, has
specific references to the 2001 Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement
and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to
use to the full the provisions in the TRIPS agreement regarding
flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide
access to medicines for all, Anand Grover, senior advocate and former UN
Special Rapporteur on the Right to Health, reminded the audience on the
first day.<br>
<br>
But the ensuing discussions made it clear that many countries were under pressure not to use TRIPS flexibilities.<br>
<br>
One issue which generated a lot of animated debate was ‘delinkage,’ a
term that refers to a business model for drug development and the
incentive to invest in R&D that is delinked from drug prices.<br>
<br>
The position paper (not yet online) circulated among delegates on the
eve of the conference, talks at length about the ‘Role of Innovation,
Research and Development for Medical Products’. It notes that the
current model of innovation in medical technologies is facing
considerable challenges and that the ‘lack of transparency in providing
real costs of medical research thereby leading to high costs of medical
products creates access issues for the public at large.” The paper also
notes that IPR is useful as an incentive but “it is debatable whether
the IP system can incentivize inventions in areas where there is no
market.”<br>
<br>
Participants at the conference stressed the urgent need for a global
agreement on research and development of medicines and medical products.
There were several allusions to the need to foster local production,
technology transfer and market entry barriers for medical products.
There were charged discussions on voluntary licensing versus compulsory
licensing with health activists rooting for the latter as a necessary
tool to further the cause of affordable medicines.<br>
<br>
How much of the talk will translate into action? One glaring gap at the conference was insufficient money talk on key issues.<br>
<br>
“I am happy that the report of the UN High-Level Panel on Access to
Medicines got huge play in the New Delhi conference. This will be a
major contribution towards discussions in the WHO Executive Board
meeting in 2018. The ideas were on the table. But what was not on the
table was the money to really allow common R&D for public priorities
and public use. I must also say that in discussions on trade and
health, there is still an imbalance in favour of trade,” said Dreifuss.<br>
<br>
Who is going to take the debate about delinkage forward? Many
participants said WHO should take up the issue. “The most pressing thing
now is to have technical people flesh out the practical details of
implementation,” James Love, director, Knowledge Ecology International,
an NGO working on knowledge governance, told Intellectual Property
Watch.<br>
<br>
Anban Pillay, deputy director general for health regulation and
compliance, South Africa Department of Health, told Intellectual
Property Watch that multinational pharmaceutical companies need to be
much more a part of the conversation. South Africa, he said, had adopted
the voluntary licence model.<br>
<br>
“What I would like to build on is delinkage if we agree on delinkage as a
principle,” he said. “But you still have to deal with the industry no
matter what the research costs are. We need to talk about what is a
reasonable margin (of profit), how we can distribute this reasonable
margin among different countries globally.<br>
<br>
“Right now, the business model is to sell one’s product in high value
countries, maximise profit and then think of the poor,” said Pillay.
“There could be another approach. The debate on delinkage has been
around for a long time. If the conversation is not with just oneself,
the industry, the pharma companies, need to be on the table.”<br>
<br>
The final outcome document from the conference is awaited. Meanwhile,
India has already offered to host the 2nd World Conference on Access to
Medical Products. What is needed between now and then is greater clarity
on implementation and funding of the various proposals that were
discussed at the Delhi meet.</div><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div></div>