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<p class="MsoTitle" style="text-align:center" align="center"><span style="font-size:20.0pt"><br></span></p><p class="MsoTitle" style="text-align:center" align="center"><span style="font-size:20.0pt">People’s Health Movement</span><a style href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:20.0pt"><span style><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:20.0pt;color:#17365d;letter-spacing:.25pt">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:20.0pt"><br>
Health in the Post-2015 Development Agenda</span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%">As the deadline for the achievement of the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) approaches, the UN is driving a global consultation
around a new global development agenda post 2015. The People’s Health Movement
(PHM) welcomes the prospect of a global compact which commits to sustainable
and equitable development. However, the negotiators will need to go beyond the
mere palliation of symptoms to confront the dynamics that are driving widening
inequality, avoidable suffering and accelerated destabilization of the
biosphere including global warming. The UN documents on a post 2015 development
agenda are neither addressing the looming crisis of capitalism, accelerated by
the ascendant ideology of neoliberalism nor the unequal global power relations
which both reflect and deepen the crisis. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%">The MDGs, and the concomitant expansion of international
assistance, were direct responses to a global revulsion at the continued
transfer of resources from South to North through ‘debt’ repayment, unfair
trade and investment regimes and the role of ‘intellectual property’ protection
in the denial of access to medicines at the height of the AIDS epidemic.<span style> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%">Increased international assistance for health has helped to
extend access to treatment for people living with HIV although 7m people who
need treatment access are still waiting. However, the MDGs have not addressed
the structural barriers to sustainable and equitable development – nor were
they designed to do so.<span style> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%">PHM calls for activists in people’s movements across sectors
and countries to redouble our efforts to hold governments to account and to
channel the aspirations and energies of communities and social movements
towards redirecting humanity’s development from its current disastrous
path.<span style> </span></p>
</div>
<b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#345a8a"><br style clear="all">
</span></b>
<h1 style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">Key messages</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%">Our messages for the political leaders who will formulate the
next set of ‘development goals’ are:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"> </p>
<p class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span style>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><b style>Development</b>
must not be construed solely as economic growth and industrialisation; it must
include cultural and institutional development; and include the rich world as
well as low and middle income countries (LMICs). The right to health will not
be achieved without commensurate social, cultural, institutional as well as
economic development. The determinants of health arise in social practice
across all sectors including work, agriculture, trade, education and culture
among others.<span style> </span>‘Development goals’ that
speak of health but do not aim for broadly based equitable and sustainable
development would be a hoax.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"> </p>
<p class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span style>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>Addressing the global health crisis requires
that we confront the social, economic, political and environmental
determination of health, as well as the prevention and treatment of specific
diseases. As a tool for shoring up the existing distribution of privilege, in
the face of the looming crisis of globalised capitalism, the <b style>ideology of neoliberalism</b> is promoting
exclusion, exploitation, inequality and environmental degradation; it is
transferring the functions of governance to the anarchy of the market. A new
economic order and new forms of global regulation are critical pre-requisites
to address the challenges of today and the post-2015 period. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"> </p>
<p class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span style>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>Unless reform of the <b style>global economic and political architecture</b> is put on the table,
there is no point in discussing a post-2015 'development agenda' for health or
any other purpose. The current drive for global economic integration through
‘free trade’ agreements is designed to protect the prerogatives of
transnational corporations and global elites, but makes it increasingly
difficult for nation states to achieve sustainable development and universal
social protection. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"> </p>
<p class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span style>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span>The post 2015 development agenda must work
towards new approaches to<b style> national and
global decision making</b>, based on popular participation, direct democracy,
solidarity, equity and security. The MDGs presumed that development could be
achieved solely through international aid; this is an illusion which has served
to divert attention from the deeper political issues of governance. The prevailing
‘charity’ model needs to be replaced by a human rights-based approach with
clearly delineated responsibilities and strong accountability to civil society.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman""> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span style>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman"">Sustainable and equitable development - including
governance reform and the restructuring of economic and political relationships
– will be achieved only if <b style>people’s
movements</b> unite across sectors, cultures and national boundaries and
articulate a coherent set of goals and strategies for change. There will be
fierce opposition from the corporate sector and from those nations and classes
whose privilege depends on continuing economic integration globally
notwithstanding the instabilities of this regime. Carrying out these struggles
will require solidarity, determination and political organisation. We call for
leadership across civil society worldwide and from progressive governments in
the global south. </span></p>
<h1 style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">Lessons learned
from the MDGs</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%">The UN Task Team on the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda
concluded that <i style>“the central challenge is
to ensure that globalization becomes a positive force for all the world’s
peoples of present and future generations. Globalization offers great
opportunities, but its benefits are at present very unevenly shared”</i><i style><span style>(</span></i><a href="../../../../AppData/Local/Temp/PHM_Post-2015DevAgenda(121230).docx#_ENREF_1#_ENREF_1" title="UN System Task Team on the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda, 2012 #3433"><i style><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">1</span></i></a><i style><span style>)</span></i>.
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%">This sentence is taken directly from Article 5 of the
Millennium Declaration and there are other similarities between the two
documents. Have we learned nothing over 12 years, that the central message
remains unchanged? Instead of jumping into new goals we need to analyze <i style>why</i>, behind the chattering statistics of
progress, the situation has not fundamentally improved. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%">We have previously criticized the MDGs for focusing on ends
while being silent on the means to achieve them. As recognized by the UN Task
Team: “<i style>this has been a lost opportunity
to provide guidance on how to address the root causes of poverty and unmet
basic needs</i>”. The values and principles expressed in the Millennium
Declaration were lost in implementation and we were left with a set of quick
wins in which progress was measured in terms of country averages that have left
much suffering unrecorded. The MDGs were conceived, defined and implemented in
a top-down process, structured around international financial assistance;
issues of governance, participation and empowerment were insufficiently
addressed. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%">We support the Task Team’s call for transformative change and
a holistic approach with a focus on the core values of human rights, equity and
sustainability, and call upon the UN to include empowerment in the list of core
principles. However, we believe the Task Team failed to properly delineate the
problems humanity is facing. “Today’s Global Challenges” presents the surface
symptoms of the underlying problems; there is no mention of the skewed global
power relations or the hegemonic prescription of particular models of
‘development’ by a few countries. World leaders have tried to solve our
problems by simply doing more of what caused them in the first place. It is
necessary to rethink what we mean by development and to challenge economic
globalisation, neoliberalism and the entrenched global power imbalances.</p>
<h1>On development</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"> </p>
<p class="NoSpacing" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%">The dominant view identifies ‘development’ with economic
growth and positions it as solely a problem for LMICs.<span style> </span>This ignores the challenges of planetary
sustainability and the need to move to a steady state economy. The current
model privileges economic over social, cultural and institutional development
and diverts attention away what needs to be done in the rich countries (HICs)<i style>.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%">Environmental
sustainability is clearly one of the key issues that must be addressed in any
set of upcoming development goals. This calls for a dialogue regarding
the causes of the current destabilisation of the human environment, including
the growth fetish of dominant economic thinking. Changing economic
relationships, including capital accumulation without net global growth, is the
big challenge of economic development. Global development goals must be
directed to both the rich world and the LMICs; to both the global economy and
the ecology of the biosphere. </p>
<p class="NoSpacing" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%">We need to think in terms of social, cultural and
institutional as well as economic development. Failures in national and global
decision making around climate change, tax justice and regulating the financial
sector illustrate the need to put the institutions of policy making on the development
agenda. Critical challenges to sustainable and equitable development such as
racism, patriarchy, gender-based violence, inequality and exclusion,
individualism and consumerism are insufficiently addressed in current
development thinking. </p>
<p class="NoSpacing" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"> </p>
<p class="NoSpacing" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%">The concept of ‘development’ needs to be delinked from
international financial assistance. The term has become synonymous with
international aid, including the ‘development assistance’ industry and
‘development partnerships’ between donors and governments. In fact, the power
of donors to dictate national policy to recipient countries reflects the global
power imbalances and the political and economic relations through which they
are sustained.<span style> </span>These grossly unequal
power relations are barriers to real development. International aid could be
useful, though often it is not. Real development has to recognise local
histories, the role of communities, power relations and ideology. </p>
<h1>On Capitalism, neoliberalism and globalisation</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%;text-autospace:none">The global health crisis reflects the failure to
address the social, political and environmental determination of health. Any
new health goal(s) must not be solely about health service delivery, even if
broadly interpreted; we need to address the causes of the causes as the
Commission on the Social Determinants of Health called for.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%;text-autospace:none">In this regard, the Task Team has come to some
important conclusions, but does not go far enough in its suggestions for a new
development paradigm. Their report rightly notes that the global food, fuel and
financial crises have “<i style>exposed systemic
failures in the workings of financial and commodity markets and major
weaknesses in the mechanisms of global governance</i>”. We have argued, in <a href="http://www.ghwatch.org/sites/www.ghwatch.org/files/global%20health%20watch%203.pdf"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman"">Global Health Watch 3</span></a><span style>(</span><a href="../../../../AppData/Local/Temp/PHM_Post-2015DevAgenda(121230).docx#_ENREF_2#_ENREF_2" title="People's Health Movement, 2011 #3434"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">2</span></a><span style>)</span>, that the multiple crises not only show the
failure of the current institutional framework of the global economy, but also
of the neoclassical conceptualization of economics itself. Capitalism in its
current form, with widening inequality and poorly regulated markets, and
dominated by the interests of a small rich minority is a major barrier to
achieving equitable, sustainable development.<span style> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%;text-autospace:none">It is capitalism and the ideology of neoliberalism
(small government, ‘free’ markets, global economic integration) that promote
exclusion, exploitation, inequality, waste and environmental degradation. New
economic relations and new forms of regulation are critical pre-requisites for
addressing the challenges of today and the post-2015 period.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%;text-autospace:none">None of the circulating proposals and documents from
UN-institutions challenge the prevailing paradigm of economic growth. The UN
Task Team calls for “<i style>stable, equitable
and inclusive economic growth, based on sustainable patterns of production and
consumption</i>”; but, despite the finding of the Commission on the Social
Determinants of Health that “<a name="_GoBack"><i style>income redistribution, via taxes and transfers, is more efficient for
poverty reduction than economic growth per se</i></a>”<span style>(</span><a href="../../../../AppData/Local/Temp/PHM_Post-2015DevAgenda(121230).docx#_ENREF_3#_ENREF_3" title="Commission on Social Determinants of Health, 2008 #2099"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">3</span></a><span style>)</span>,
the word “redistribution” does not appear once in the entire Task Team report.
Redistribution, however, is only one step towards disparity reduction. Other
mechanisms to change the prevailing system are also needed. In a
carbon-constrained world, a strategy of continuing net global material growth
does not make sense.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%;text-autospace:none">Any discussion of post-2015 priorities that ignores
the constraints imposed by capitalism, globalisation and neoliberalism is
unlikely to come up with workable solutions to the substantive issues at stake.
PHM calls upon civil society organisations around the world to insist on these
issues being discussed. PHM calls upon the countries of the global south to
provide strong leadership in containing and regulating capitalism and moving
towards an equitable and sustainable global economy, capable of creating decent
living conditions for all. Revisiting the <a href="http://www.un-documents.net/s6r3201.htm"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman"">New
International Economic Order</span></a> called for by the UN General Assembly
1974<span style>(</span><a href="../../../../AppData/Local/Temp/PHM_Post-2015DevAgenda(121230).docx#_ENREF_4#_ENREF_4" title="UN General Assembly, 1974 #3435"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">4</span></a><span style>)</span> would be a good start.</p>
<h1 style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">On global
governance and power imbalance</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> </p>
<p class="NoSpacing" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%">We strongly welcome the emphasis placed on issues of governance
in the report by the UN Task Team.<span style> </span>We
agree that <i style>“better governance of the
economic and financial sector will be key to maintaining regulatory frameworks
that respect human rights and protect the environment”</i>. The current global
trade and investment regime is seriously undermining universal social
entitlements and human rights, as well as the power of states to regulate the
activities of corporations and private financial institutions. Rich countries
‘spheres of influence’ encumber the rights of the citizens in less powerful
countries to determine their own development pathways. Improving governance,
nationally and globally, should be central to the post-2015 development agenda.</p>
<p class="NoSpacing" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%;text-autospace:none">Governance reform in the health sector must include
attention to the chaotic regime of global health initiatives (GHIs) created
over the past 15 years to channel donor funds to particular diseases and
interventions.<span style> </span>These GHIs were created
to fill a space which was created by the refusal of the rich countries to
properly fund the World Health Organization.<span style>
</span>WHO, adequately funded and defended against big power bullying, is the
proper intergovernmental organisation to provide global health leadership,
including health systems, social determinants and diseases and interventions.<span style> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%;text-autospace:none">The proliferation of global health initiatives
dependent on a charity model of ‘development’ has contributed to the
fragmentation of health systems and of global governance for health. A radical
rationalisation of global health architecture is needed with WHO regaining the
preeminent role of coordination and leadership including monitoring and holding
accountable the donors and GHIs. WHO must be empowered to play a more active
role in a more coherent and more accountable system of global health governance.<span style> </span>The restoration of WHO to a leadership role
in global health governance will require that the member states commit to this
outcome.<span style> </span>PHM calls on civil society
organisations concerned for health to ensure that all member states are fully
accountable for their carriage of this responsibility.</p>
<p class="NoSpacing" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%">Gross power imbalances in political and economic decision
making must be addressed. These imbalances include the formal structures of
intergovernmental organisations and treaties, the daily practice of foreign
affairs, the undue power of transnational corporations and the structures and
ideologies embraced by those who control the media. If the global political and
economic architecture with its prevailing power imbalances is still in place in
2015, it is hardly of any use to discuss a post-2015 'development agenda' for
health. Finding pathways to sustainable development calls for exposing and
redressing these power imbalances because they are integrally part of the
problem.</p>
<h1 style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">On participation</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%">A fundamental tenet of human rights is that people have a
right to participate in the decisions that will affect their lives, including
health-related policies at local, national and international levels. The
accountability of governments and corporations depends upon the active and
informed participation of individuals, civil society organisations and social
movements. People must be at the centre of the new development agenda and be
engaged at every stage of the process; defining, implementing and monitoring of
the new development framework.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%"><span style> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%;text-autospace:none"><span style>In terms
of community participation, the UN consultation process around the post-2015
development agenda is falling short. The country consultations are supposed to
target the poor and marginalized but the guidelines suggest inviting only <i style>representatives</i> of various groups to the
consultations. These consultations shouldn’t simply be about extracting
information to help define global goals that will then be implemented in a
top-down manner. They must be used to put in place mechanisms of continuous
community engagement. A constant feedback loop is what needs to be set up; to
enable people to effectively engage in the entire process, including holding
their governments accountable for their obligations. We call for community
consultations, not as a one-time information collection effort, but as a first
step towards setting up democratic national and global governance structures.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%;text-autospace:none"><span class="Heading1Char"><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">On Universal Health Coverage</span></span><span style></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%;text-autospace:none">We are concerned about the proposal that Universal
Health Coverage be adopted as the sole post-2015 health goal. On the positive
side, UHC will involve health systems strengthening, replacing the current
disease-focused approach and giving greater weight to equity. However, the
concept is broad and there is no consensus to date on its precise meaning. We
oppose the promotion of a minimalistic insurance model that would offer “basic
packages of care” and would operate within a market-based system of healthcare.
UHC must be achieved through organized and accountable systems of high quality
public provision of comprehensive primary health care and a fully functional
referral system governed by need.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%;text-autospace:none">We are concerned that the focus on “service delivery”
associated with UHC will divert attention from action on the structural
determinants of health and tackling the root causes of ill-health and
disability. Equal access to health care is an underlying social determinant of
health, but just one of many. Striving for UHC should be part of a
comprehensive strategy including a focus on the SDH. Although the UN and WHO
define health services as including “prevention, promotion, treatment and
rehabilitation”; we are concerned that the promotional services will only
encompass action on some of the determinants, targeting individual behaviour,
while leaving out the more contested ones such as trade and power relations. In
the September briefing on the post-2015 process, it is mentioned that WHO is
working with UN Water and the UN Secretary-General’s Advisory Group on Water
and Sanitation on framing a water-related goal. We call on WHO to take this
process a step further and to engage with all the other sectors that affect
health, including global trade.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:115%;text-autospace:none">If population health is to be used as a benchmark for
progress in other fields of development a more pro-active health-in-all-policies
approach will be needed. However, contemporary health status is not an index of
intergenerational equity and given the ecological crisis, intergenerational
equity is looming as one of the key parameters to be measured. The holistic approach
advocated by the UN Task Team has to be understood as going beyond health and
looking at the other fields to ensure policy coherence and synergies between
the different goals. Human rights, including the right to health, equity,
sustainability and empowerment must be put at the center of all policies. This
will require a broader view of development, a more democratic and participatory
regime of global and national governance and a configuration of economic
relations that supports equity, decent living conditions and ecological
sustainability. </p>
<h1>References</h1>
<p class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><a name="_ENREF_1"><span style>1.<span style> </span>UN System Task Team on
the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda. Realizing the future we want for all –
Report to the Secretary-General2012.</span></a><span style></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><a name="_ENREF_2"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman"">2.<span style> </span>People's Health Movement, Medact, Health Action
International, Medico International, Third World Network, editors. Global
Health Watch 3. London: Zed Books; 2011.</span></a><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><a name="_ENREF_3"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman"">3.<span style> </span>Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap
in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of
health. Geneva: WHO; 2008.</span></a><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><a name="_ENREF_4"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman"">4.<span style> </span>UN General Assembly. Declaration on the establishment of a
new international economic order1974 1 May 1974. Report No.: A/RES/S-6/3201.</span></a><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman""> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><a style href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria">[1]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt">. Paper submitted to the <i style>Health in the Post 2015 Development Agenda</i>
call for papers by the </span><a href="http://www.phmovement.org/en/about"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">People’s
Health Movement</span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt">.<span style> </span>PHM is a global
network of grassroots health activists, civil society organizations and
academic institutions from around the world, particularly from low and middle
income countries. "<i style>Equity,
ecologically-sustainable development and peace are at the heart of our vision
of a better world - a world in which a healthy life for all is a reality; a
world that respects, appreciates and celebrates all life and diversity; a world
that enables the flowering of people's talents and abilities to enrich each
other; a world in which people's voices guide the decisions that shape our
lives....</i>" (from the </span><a href="http://www.phmovement.org/en/resources/charters/peopleshealth?destination=home"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">People’s
Charter for Health</span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt">).<span style> </span>This paper was developed by a
team led by Natalie Eggermont and adopted by the Steering Council of PHM in
December 2012. <br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br><span style="font-size:10.0pt"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br><span style="font-size:10.0pt"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><br>
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