From: <b class="gmail_sendername">John Ashmore</b> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:jdashmore@gmail.com">jdashmore@gmail.com</a>></span><br><div class="gmail_quote"><br><br>Late last year, I was at the Beijing Symposium on health systems research where international universal health coverage (UHC) strategy was discussed in some detail by quite a few high level players. I am here sharing my personal notes on the conference which may be of some use to<br>
others in understanding this debate.<br>
<br>
It seemed to me that UHC is not a privatization agenda, but can<br>
involve the private sector heavily as in the case of obamacare, which<br>
does expand coverage (UHC) but of course is far from ideal. But in its<br>
overall drive, UHC aims to increase the number of people covered by<br>
insurance mechanisms (public and/or private) and number of services<br>
delivered, as well as protection from 'catastrophic' health care<br>
payments. Which, in the grand scheme of things, is a good thing,<br>
though of course, it is imperfect. It focuses minimally on social<br>
determinants of health, for example, but this is since it is a<br>
political comprimise to get everyone on board...<br>
<br>
However, I think it's good that the world is starting to look at<br>
health systems through an equity lens as the principal way to evaluate<br>
progress, and we should get behind this; but I also think we should<br>
also stress: a) the need to consider social determinants of health and<br>
redistribution as part of these goals; b) that while improvements in<br>
UHC are good in terms of being progressive, ultimately it's not about<br>
having 'essential' services but services for all, as comprehensive as<br>
possible within a country's means, and based on Alma Ata principles.<br>
<br>
Having said all that, it has taken quite some effort to get to the UN<br>
framework for UHC that is out there and from what I know I don't think<br>
strong opposition to this would be very constructive. I wouldn't want<br>
to see this replaced by a new set of MDGs that only focus on combating<br>
specific diseases without any mention of equity or tackling<br>
ineffective health systems that, in part, caused the problems to begin<br>
with...<br>
<br></div><b>Brief notes on 2nd Global Symposium on Health Systems Research, Beijing</b><br><br>John Ashmore, for CHAI<br><br>General notes:<br><br>1,800 attended the conference, which focused around the interdisciplinary field of health systems<br>
research, which in turn is about problem-based research to address policy dilemmas and attain<br>universal health coverage worldwide. Virtually all the talks were UHC-related, and there were high-<br>level stakeholders there including the CEO of Rockefeller, the South African DG, the Chinese Minister<br>
of Health, and many others from government… Funders for the conference included the Rockefeller<br>Foundation, WHO, and the Chinese government. The fact China hosted the conference was seen as<br>important since that was where the barefoot doctors program started in the 60’s which spawned Alma Ata and the PHC movement; and since China is now making strides towards UHC again.<br>
<br>Universal Health Coverage, in general:<br><br>Margaret Chan calls UHC ‘the most powerful tool we have in public health’<br>The overall WHO framework for Universal Health Coverage (UHC) was brought up a lot. This is<br>
depicted conceptually as a box within a box, where increasing coverage involves increasing the<br>little box to reach the limits of the big box which represents total health care coverage, in terms<br>of:<br>o Number of people covered (should be everyone, ultimately)<br>
o Services covered (should be at least ‘essential’ if not ‘comprehensive’)<br>o Coverage of ‘catastrophic’ financial expenditures through an insurance mechanism,<br>such as public risk pooling or private insurance basically; but basically the key is one way<br>
or another to scrap user fees.<br>A number of participants raised the point that UHC doesn’t necessarily ensure equity unless all<br>the above conditions are met (including by Lincoln Chen, President of Chinese Medical board),<br>
since you may have everyone covered, but not covered for very many health services (e.g.<br>outpatients is often not covered by health insurance companies) and thus people are pushed<br>below poverty line by their expenditures.<br>
o Ways to measure progression towards UHC across countries explored in some<br>sessions, and WHO now has a publication on this.<br>The sessions generally focused on the need for:<br>o PHC approach, under current financial climate since this is more cost efficient<br>
o Single funder to negotiate drug and personnel costs in both public and private sector,<br>to keep prices down, and in this respect having strong government purchasing power.<br><br>Piloting UHC interventions at the district level, for a decentralized approach, and<br>
learning what works in a country and what doesn’t. Virtually all countries used this<br>approach.<br>Improve the hardware and software of the health system (i.e. management reform,<br>particularly at district level; and reinvigorate infrastructure and get more HR into public<br>
system)<br><br>BRICS Country experiences highlighted at the conference plenary (for UHC):<br><br>Brazil was the best example in my opinion (‘the only country with >100m population that has<br>achieved free UHC’), as their strategy is integrated with their development strategy (including<br>
Bolsa Familia, i.e. conditional cash transfers for the poor), and their universal primary health<br>care, in particular, is making a huge difference to maternal mortality (20% drop in one year).<br>o Life expectancy has gone from 67 to 73 years recently. In short, they’re not just<br>
providing universal health care but they’ve tackled SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH<br>and as a result inequity has fallen and LE risen.<br>o They’ve seen a 50% drop in malaria cases in 10 years, 84% decrease in dengue fever,<br>
and have a lot of indicators in place to measure progress (say there’s not point doing<br>anything unless you can measure your progress).<br>o Their hospital system is still not great, but the PHC advances are most important and<br>
they’re even going as far with the SDH interventions to build gyms in poor areas…<br>o Brazil sees its investments in health as investments, not money thrown away. They<br>can afford to do this due to strong economic growth, but also political will (right to<br>
health enshrined in consititution).<br>§ This contrasts with the World Bank’s session on health care financing where the<br>strong message was that sustainability should come first. (and not everyone’s<br>growing like Brazil, obviously)<br>
o They also stressed the strong PURCHASING POWER of the state through single payer<br>(contracting for public and private) as key to keeping costs down.<br>South Africa (Matsoso’s speech) has a lot of political will now, but facing piloting challenges<br>
o Still looking at options of a payroll tax and ‘innovative financing mechanisms’ (nothing<br>was said about what these might be however). Have however rolled out school health<br>program buses with range of services, and want to make sure of district specialist<br>
teams and ward-based municipal PHC teams for their PHC approach.<br>o Also doing a management competency survey to improve ‘software’ of health system.<br>o Stressed needing a ‘new cadre’ of health workers who ‘think differently’ – not sure if<br>
this means different kind of doctor or something else, but probably the former, relating<br>to the 1000 doctors they’re currently training in Cuba.<br>o NHI will rely on a single funder, ‘publicly administered’.<br>o Says social justice is behind the political will for NHI<br>
<br>India and China are more behind, but there has been a ‘GROUNDSWELL’ globally in UHC and<br>they have rolled out rural programs which are being expanded<br>o The rural programs have limited number of diseases they treat, and nothing like UHC<br>
should be in terms of being a universal package of benefits, but they are committing<br>more and more to the ideals of UHC and programs are being expanded (in terms of<br>services covered and individuals reached). Indian gov. aims for UHC by 2022<br>
§ India provides financial incentives (CCTs) for institutional deliveries, and has<br>had a big effect on maternal mortality where they’ve worked.<br>o India only spends 1.3% of GDP on public health, but they are tripling the absolute<br>
number spent on public health now.<br>o China has 98.3% health coverage, but limited services provided… same deal as India in<br>terms of greater momentum now though.<br>Russia (the first country to introduce UHC, in 1918) has seen its UHC system destroyed by a<br>
shift to capitalism, after doctors were allowed to start charging user fees, which have become<br>very corrupt, and the country’s health system is in tatters. They have a lot of doctors, but the<br>government is not behind PHC or UH C at all right now (this was noted by an academic, since<br>
this was the only country who didn’t send a government representative to the conference).<br>o Interestingly, in mid-60’s, after Cuban missile crisis, Russian health care started to<br>decline anyway as they shifted a lot of spending from health care to military.<br>
§ Compare this with Costa Rica who got rid of its military altogether in order to<br>spend more on social services under a tough economy.<br><br>Other country experiences later in conference:<br><br>Japan has UHC, 80% privatized, but government basically controls private health care industry<br>
(high regulation) and forces national-level single-payer negotiations (drugs and services) to keep<br>prices down.<br>o Also other interesting approaches to being efficient with their money.<br>§ They do market price research and then only offer drug companies 2% markup<br>
in their tenders!<br>§ They put out a reference list of prices they will reimburse providers, and<br>incentivize behavior through this: e.g. they reduced the MRI fee by 20% last<br>year as there were too many MRIs being performed unnecessarily (this kind of<br>
central control is what’s missing in the US)<br>o But age profile very important, as the vast majority of their health care costs are<br>coming from the ageing population, and basically now they have to make hard choices<br>
and younger people have to contribute more since their system is unsustainable after<br>20 years of 0 economic growth, in spite of the above.<br>Costa Rica - has free care, financed by employers, government and workers. Has had problems<br>
with the government paying providers on time, but otherwise very successful system for<br>decades.<br><br>Their success lay in the President being willing to go against the Catholic Church who<br>were powerful and tried to stymie UHC. Nowdays nobody dares criticize the national<br>
health system. Health care and education are rights in Costa Rica.<br>Key for the speaker was that UHC and systems won’t work if they’re financially<br>dependent on external donors.<br>Life expectancy now very high in Costa Rica and Burden of Disease shifted from<br>
infectious to chronic.<br><br>Some other interesting health financing points:<br><br>In terms of health financing, OECD SAYS BEST TYPE OF TAX IS PROPERTY TAX (as people are<br>immobile and easy to collect), income tax in the middle, and WORST IS CORPORATE TAX (since<br>
corporations very good at avoiding, and discourages growth).<br><br>BRAC center for Health System Excellence in Bangladesh set up a voluntary basic private<br>community insurance scheme that costs $15 per year and is being expanded… (to expand<br>
coverage in a very poor country where public sector is essentially hopeless, or that was the<br>argument)<br><br>