From: .<b class="gmail_sendername">George Kent</b> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:kent@hawaii.edu">kent@hawaii.edu</a>></span><br><div class="gmail_quote">.<br><br>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">.When explaining why “it is the current system that produces and perpetuates
ever greater inequality,” it is important to go to fundamentals. Here is what I
say in <i>Ending Hunger Worldwide</i>, p.
34:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">“When
the data show that trade does not substantially alleviate poverty, devoted
trade advocates scramble to find comforting explanations, insisting that there
might have been market failures or non-economic factors at work. They cannot
imagine that the failure might be a weakness in the market system itself.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">Trade
widens economic gaps by concentrating wealth in the hands of those who are
better off. The explanation is straightforward. The elementary transaction of
the market system is the bargain, the negotiated exchange. One's bargaining
strength depends on the quality of one's alternatives. Some people (or
companies, or nations) are stronger than others because they have better
alternatives.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">In
voluntary transactions both parties must get some benefit, since any party that
did not benefit could refuse to trade. In any transaction between parties of
unequal bargaining power, the more powerful party benefits more than the weaker
party. With repeated trading, the gap between strong and weak steadily widens
because the transactions tend to be of greater benefit to the more powerful
party. The powerful have more and better alternatives, and thus enjoy faster
economic growth than the weak. Both parties benefit from the exchange process, <i>but unequally</i>. The rich get richer and
the poor get richer too, but much more slowly. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">Thus,
over repeated transactions, stronger parties systematically enlarge their
advantages over weaker parties. Bargainers do not move to an equilibrium at
which the benefits are equally distributed, but instead move apart, with the
gap between them steadily widening. Asymmetrical exchange feeds on itself,
making the situation more and more asymmetrical.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>.<br></div>