From: <b class="gmail_sendername">Phillipa Tucker</b> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:phillipa@aidsaccountability.org">phillipa@aidsaccountability.org</a>></span><br><div class="gmail_quote"><br><br>World Population Day 2012: This year's theme: Universal Access to Reproductive Health Services<br>
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On World Population Day AAI shares on the background of the International Conference on Population and Developement (ICPD) and its impact on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights.<br>
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Sexual and reproductive health and rights<br>
Sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) are usually understood as the rights of all people, regardless of their nationality, age, sex, gender, health or HIV status, to make informed and free choices with regard to their own sexuality and reproductive well-being, on condition these decisions do not infringe on the rights of others. This includes the right to access education and information, services and healthcare.<br>
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As much as SRHR are considered to be basic human rights and fundamental to development “conditions are devastating the African Continent: 25 million Africans infected with HIV, 12 million children orphaned due to deaths related to AIDS. 2 million deaths from AIDS each year, women increasingly affected with the feminization of the epidemic; 1 million maternal and newborn deaths annually, an African woman having a 1 in 16 chance of dying while giving birth; high, unmet need for family planning with rapid population growth often outstripping economic growth and the growth of basic social services (education and health), thus contributing to the vicious cycle of poverty and ill-health. Today, by any measure, less than one third of Africans have access to reproductive health (RH)”.[1]<br>
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Leadership response<br>
As a result of the state of SRHR in Africa, various governments, as well as regional economic communities (RECS) such as the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the continental organization the African Union (AU), responded to the call to act with the development of policy on SRHR, not least of which was the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in 1994, the African Union Conference of Ministers of Health (CAMH) and the Maputo Plan of Action (MPOA) in January 2006.<br>
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The International Conference on Population and Development<br>
Convened by the United Nations, the International Conference on Population and Development was held in Cairo, Egypt in 1994, and “consider{ed} the broad issues of and interrelationships between population, sustained economic growth and sustainable development, and advances in the education, economic status and empowerment of women”, and was “explicitly given a broader mandate on development issues than previous population conferences, reflecting the growing awareness that population, poverty, patterns of production and consumption and the environment are so closely interconnected that none of them can be considered in isolation.”[2]<br>
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Population is linked to the full range of development concerns including poverty alleviation, women’s empowerment and environmental protection. The conference therefore focused on population, sustained economic growth and sustained development, with special emphasis on women’s health, education and status. Delegations from 179 States took part took part to finalize a Programme of Action (PoA) for the next 20 years which addresses a wide range of population and development themes until 2015 and beyond.<br>
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The ICPD PoA sets a framework for the development of more than a dozen key issues of which one was reproductive rights and reproductive health. This SRHR section focused attention on 5 key issues<br>
A: Reproductive rights and reproductive health<br>
B: Family planning<br>
C: Sexually transmitted diseases and HIV prevention<br>
D: Human sexuality and gender relations<br>
E: Adolescents<br>
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The ICPD PoA includes goals to significantly reduce infant, child and maternal mortality and to expand access to education, specifically for girls.<br>
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In addressing population, the environment and consumption patterns, the ICPD PoA focuses on the family, internal and international migration; prevention and control of HIV/AIDS; technology, research and development; and partnership with the non-governmental sector. The Programme of Action provides estimates of the levels of national resources and international assistance required and calls on governments to make those resources available.<br>
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ICPD+<br>
At 5-yearly intervals since ICDP there have been reviews of progress in the implementation of the PoA. Various organisations and groups have played a role in pushing the ICPD agenda and ensuring accountability.<br>
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UNFPA ICPD Beyond 2014<br>
UNFPA is currently leading a review process to extend the ICPD beyond its 20 year framework (ICPD beyond 2014). A global survey will form a main component of this and will assess the ICPD implementation at country level. Their website <a href="http://www.icpdbeyond2014.com" target="_blank">www.icpdbeyond2014.com</a> is a one stop resource centre for all stakeholders, and various meetings have also been arranged globally which are working on ICPD beyond 2014. The AUC is planning to convene consultative meetings and processes with the UNFPA and APC.<br>
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Accra<br>
CSOs focused on youth in Africa met in Accra in early March 2012, to strategise around ICPD beyond 2014. They resolved to create awareness and enhance capacity around ICPD+, including around data and the completion of progress questionnaires and to ensure that all marginalized groups are reflected in the review process.<br>
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Istanbul<br>
Parliamentarians from around the globe will meet at the 2012 International Parliamentarians’ Conference on the Implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action in Istanbul, Turkey, from 24-25 May 2012, an event organized by the European Parliamentary Forum on Population and Development (EPF) and UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund, under the auspices of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The objective of the meeting is for parliamentarians to re-pledge their commitment to the goals of ICPD, and to strategize around increasing accountability on the promises made. Previous conferences (Ottawa, Canada, November 2002; Strasbourg, France, October 2004; Bangkok, Thailand November 2006; and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, October 2009) have seen significant developments in progress on the ICPDs, and much is expected of outcomes of this year’s conference. Their two main themes remain constant: resource mobilization and the creation of an enabling policy environment for the implementation of the ICPD PoA.<br>
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Regional Economic Communities and the African Population Commission<br>
Article 88 of the Abuja Treaty of 1991 mandated the creation and functions of various Regional Economic Communities (RECs) across the continent of Africa. These RECs were created to ensure regional integration of African countries on various levels, including health and development most especially harmonization of policy and ensuring compliance with the Abuja Treaty and Lagos Plan of Action timeframes.<br>
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The RECS potentially play a significant role in the ICPD+ Process as an influential group which can lobby for support for ICPD+, and for accountability at national level amongst their respective members. Teaming up with the RECS is an acknowledged advocacy strategy due to the impact they can potentially have.<br>
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Similar in relevance, but different in mandate to the RECS is The African Population Commission (APC). This is an organ of the African Union Commission (AUC) and is tasked with providing support and leadership on all population and development issues across Africa. Their work covers, but is not limited to: policy and policy environment, co-ordination, promoting co-operation, mobilizing resources, and enhancing awareness and commitment to population and development issues.<br>
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Most relevant are the following tasks for which the APC is mandated:<br>
* Enhancing the level of awareness on and commitment to population and development issues among Member States and assisting them formulating and implementing population policies and programs.<br>
*• Monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the resolutions and declarations collectively adopted by African countries with a view to charting new strategies to deal with current and pressing population issues in Africa;<br>
*• Encourage an effective partnership between governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in carrying out activities in population and development matters; [3]<br>
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Addressing inclusion of marginalised groups<br>
In order for the voices and desires of marginalized groups, especially women, girls and youth, to be able to influence the ICPD and MDG processes, they need to be meaningfully included at every step of the process. By participating in dialogues, presenting the needs of their constituency and proposing the solutions demanded by women, girls and youth, the ICPD process will be better able to reflect the needs of these groups, rather than assuming their own solutions. Thus AAI knows that mobilizing these groups is necessary to ensure accountability across all groups, and that this needs to occur at both national and regional level for maximum impact.<br>
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For more information on AIDS Accountability’s project on ICPD Beyond 2014 please contact Phillipa Tucker at <a href="mailto:phillipa@aidsaccountability.org">phillipa@aidsaccountability.org</a>.<br>
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