<h2>Determinants of disease, health and well-being </h2>
<h3>Rights, equity, justice: Rumpus in Rio </h3>
<p class="main">We report on dramatic scenes in Rio de Janeiro. All who see that public
health nutrition is a branch of public health will do well to study the
products of the World Conference on the Social Determinants of Health. This was
held in Rio between 19-21 October, immediately following the <a href="http://www.wphna.org/2011_nov_hp1_un_summit.htm">Valparaiso summit</a>
reported on in this issue. The conference revealed vivid and sharply polarised
ideologies. </p>
<h5>Interesting times</h5>
<p class="main">The expected division would have been between officials from UN
agencies and national governments, on the one hand, and representatives of
public interest civil society organisations and universities, on the other
hand. </p>
<p class="main">But this is not how things turned out. Certainly, the genuine
civil society organisations, of which the <em>People's Health Movement</em> was
the most vocal and effective, severely criticised and even denounced the <a href="http://www.wphna.org/downloadsnov2011/11-10-21%20WCSDH%20Political%20Declaration.pdf">offi</a>cial
Political Declaration issued at the conference. As it turned out, their views
were evidently recognised and respected by many official delegates from
national governments and UN agencies. Indeed, key delegates, including those
given time to speak who are quoted below, clearly sympathised with or agreed
with the People's Health Movement position. Judging from what she said, quoted
here, these include current WHO director-general Margaret Chan. </p>
<p class="main">The official Declaration is a statement of good and worthy
principles, but it identifies improvement of social and other inequities as
largely a technical issue to be fixed by experts and with money. As pessimists
predicted, the fire, energy and purpose of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Health_Movement#Social_Determinants_of_Health" target="_blank">2008 report of the Commission on the Social Determinants of
Health</a> has been filleted out. Cynics believe that technocrats within the UN
system encouraged the Rio conference as a way
to neutralise uncomfortable aspects of the Commission's work. These go against
what is now the utterly disgraced and discredited but still dominant 'free
market' red in tooth and claw capitalism, which became known as '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Consensus" target="_blank">the Washington
Consensus</a>', put in place beginning in the 1980s. </p>
<p class="mainitalic">Return to Alma
Ata</p>
<p class="main">With remarkable enterprise and initiative, the People's Health
Movement team, pictured above (left) with other colleagues from social
movements, produced and circulated its <a href="http://www.wphna.org/downloadsnov2011/11-10-20%20WCSDH%20Civil%20society%20Declaration.pdf">unofficial
Declaration</a>. This identifies the true 'causes of the causes' of disease,
health and well-being. These include the systematic and deliberate hollowing
out of the South by the already wealthy countries of the North, and by the
global financial, economic and trade organisations they control. Cynics pointed
out that some senior people in government and the UN system may find future
careers in 'the private sector', or working for the 'new philanthropies' or for
US-based aid, trade or research organisations. </p>
<p class="main">With great significance, the unofficial Declaration is signed by
a large number of organisations. It is also signed by a large number of people,
of whom the first is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfdan_Mahler" target="_blank">Halfdan Mahler</a> who, when director-general of WHO from 1973
to 1988, enabled the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Ata_Declaration" target="_blank">Alma Ata Health For All Declaration</a>. </p>
<p class="mainitalic">Who let the PHM in?</p>
<p class="main">Who accepted so many people from the People's Health Movement
into the by-invitation-only conference? Why was Association member David
Sanders, whose views are well-known, given a key position in the programme as a
final commentator on the conference and its significance and failures? Was this
the decision of the head of the WHO conference secretariat Rüdiger Krech, whose
WHO post is as head of Ethics, Equity, Trade and Human Rights? Maybe: he is understood
to be in favor of public-private partnerships which the PHM is not. It seems likely
that the decision was influenced by the local Brazilian host and mastermind
Paulo Buss. He is the dynamic and charismatic former president of the
progressive Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) foundation in Rio.
This is the branch of the Brazilian health ministry responsible for public
health, which is now taking a special interest in public health nutrition. </p>
<h5>Margaret Chan<br>
Director-general, World Health Organization </h5>
<p class="mainitalic">Margaret Chan opened the conference. Here follows a shortened
version of her address. Hers is a progressive and even radical voice within her
own organisation. One of her points is that public health, including population
food and nutrition adequacy, security and equity, is a political issue. She
began by stressing the need for strong and persistent civil society
organisations, vital to any responsive democracy. She has said on other
occasions that the current dominant systems of political and economic
governance have failed.</p>
<p class="main">Brazil
is the ideal place to host the first event of this kind. This country has long
enjoyed a strong civil society movement pushing for health reforms and health
equity. These reforms have recognised health as more than a biomedical entity. </p>
<p class="main">Improvements in key indicators of health in any country are the
proof of what can be achieved when social equity is embedded in minds and
policies. As we open this conference, lives hang in the balance. Lives cut
short because the right policies are not in place. Social cohesion, stability
and security are at stake, in individual nations and internationally. </p>
<p class="main">Governments have responsibility towards people and their health.
But people are pushed into poverty due to catastrophic medical bills, and many
governments are not preventing this. Progress in a civilised world should mean
more than simply making more and more money. </p>
<p class="main">Globalisation was set to be the rising tide that would lift all
boats, but this never happened. It lifted the big boats, but sunk many of the
small ones. Globalisation creates benefits, sometimes big ones, but has no
rules that ensure the distribution of those benefits. </p>
<p class="mainitalic">Things are getting worse</p>
<p class="main">The world now is highly interconnected, but the goal right now is
to fulfil the economic benefits and not to distribute them fairly or evenly. As
a result differences in income, access to care, and health outcomes, are
greater today than in any time in history. As a consequence, the world is not
safe or secure. </p>
<p class="main">This year of 2011 is a year that has witnessed many disasters and
social turmoil, but also two very important events. The first one is the Middle East uprising demanding democratic reforms and
human rights, which include the right to health. This uprising has been at
times inspiring and at times worrying. </p>
<p class="main">Just as with the financial crisis in 2008, these protests seemed
to be a surprise. But there are root causes that make them understandable and
even predictable. These include inequality in income and access to services.
Greater social equity must be the new political and economic imperative for a
safer world. Health services have to be delivered according to the values,
principles and practices of primary health care. </p>
<p class="main">A second key event in 2011 has been the High-Level Meeting on
non-communicable diseases, held during the UN General Assembly last month in
September. These diseases are driven by powerful universal forces, like rapid
urbanisation and the globalisation of unhealthy lifestyles. They undermine
development and growth, they break the bank. </p>
<p class="main">Studies estimate that in the next 20 years these diseases will
cost the global economy more than $US 30 trillion. The majority of the costs
for the care of these diseases are met through out-of-pocket payments, which
lead people into poverty. Therefore these diseases are a two-punch blow to development:
loss of national income and an increase in the number of poor people. </p>
<p class="mainitalic">The junk food menace </p>
<p class="main">Prevention is by far the best option, and it is entirely feasible
and affordable in any resource setting. But nearly all the risk factors lie out
of the control of the health sector. These include junk food, tobacco, alcohol
and sedentary lives. Prevention measures lie as well outside the health sector,
and public health loses power in this fight. We need the right policies in
place in all sectors of government. </p>
<p class="main">Vast collateral damage to health is being caused by policies made
in other sectors and in the international system. Good policies are known and
well studied, but putting them in place is an enormous challenge. It means
pushing against powerful and pervasive commercial interests. </p>
<p class="main">Every corner of the world is fighting against obesity and
overweight, which is rising particularly in children. This is not a failure of
individual willpower, but a failure of political will at the highest level.
Kids in the whole world watch cartoon characters who tell them what to eat and
drink. Two weeks ago, France
passed a 'fat tax' on sugary drinks, and was immediately threatened by a
company producing such drinks. It is very hard for any country to bear the
financial burden of this kind of litigation, especially for small countries. </p>
<p class="main">These are some of the forces undermining health that are being
addressed in this conference. Will governments now put the health of people
before the health of corporations? We know enough to act and we have extremely
good reasons to do so, including economic ones. We need to change the rules of
this world and to implement policies that work. We need greater social
cohesion, security and stability. This is the price worth fighting for in health
and in multiple other sectors. </p>
<p class="mainitalic">The loss of equity in China</p>
<p class="main">China
is a great success in terms of economic growth, but now health and education
have to be reformed and the government is now clear on this. Before the opening
up, health was equitable and accessible. Then it moved on a fee for service
model, driving people into poverty. People say it's difficult to see a doctor
and extremely costly as well, people are unhappy and angry and that has pushed
health reforms. </p>
<p class="main">Now there are multiple mechanisms in place, including social
insurance. Universal coverage is so important because it's going back to the
basic principle of social protection, social justice and fair distribution.
Health is political. </p>
<p class="mainitalic"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>[The above is
extracted from Margaret Chan's opening statement]. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><img src="file:///C:/Users/Aviva/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.jpg" height="191" width="143" border="0"></p>
<h5>David Sanders<br>
University of the Western
Cape, South
Africa<br>
Speaking from the People's Health Movement </h5>
<p class="mainitalic">His intervention in the closing ceremony received a
standing ovation. This came not only from genuine civil society representatives
present. As the applause continued, more and more politicians, civil servants
and UN representatives also rose to their feet, demonstrating the divide
between them and the officials who remained sitting, hands in laps. Association
member David Sanders was the conscience of the conference.</p>
<p class="main">I want to focus on mothers and children in particular. There is
an unacceptable gap between rich and poor. A woman in a poor country has a one
in ten chance of dying in childbirth. A total of 35 per cent of deaths of
children in the world are due to malnutrition. </p>
<p class="mainitalic">Big Snack immiserates populations and causes obesity</p>
<p class="main">What are we doing about this? Very little. Trade is sadly not mentioned
in the <a href="http://www.wphna.org/downloadsnov2011/11-10-21%20WCSDH%20Political%20Declaration.pdf">Rio
Declaration</a>. Undernutrition is related to free trade agreements. Northern
countries subsidise their agriculture and export food to impoverished
countries, flooding their markets. For example, Japan
subsidises its dairy industry to the tune of $US 2,600 a year per cow. Why should
a Japanese cow enjoy an annual 'income' of five times that of an African
citizen who earns on average $US
500 a year? And this leads to food insecurity. Why are we not talking about
these things? </p>
<p class="main">What is UNICEF doing about this? It is flying <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumpy%27nut" target="_blank">Plumpy'nut™</a>
from France into Africa to treat malnutrition. This medicalises the
problem and draws attention away from the fact that African countries import
food and sell land to transnational food companies. Ethopia, the largest
recipient of Plumpy'nut, also receives 700,000 tonnes of food aid a year. It has
just sold 3 million hectares of prime land to a food transnational corporation.
</p>
<p class="main">This is the context of the problem and we are not addressing it.
Looking at non-communicable diseases, again trade is the issue. South Africa is
the third fattest country in the world; and the importation and production of
processed food products, and of whey, an ingredient of snacks, has gone up
exponentially. How are we going to control malnutrition without regulating
trade? </p>
<p class="main">Also, there is no reference in the Rio Declaration to the unfair
trade of health personnel. Africa and Asia
have been stripped of health personnel and that is very unequal trade,
contributing to an increase in maternal mortality among other things, since
skilled health personnel are crucial to reducing this tragedy. </p>
<p class="main">It was estimated several years ago by UNCTAD (the UN Conference
on Trade and Development) that the US
saves $US
184,000 in training costs for each imported professional. Totalled up, this
translates into hundreds of billions of dollars. Again here is the South
subsidising the North. We need compensation for what African ministers of
health a few years ago called brain robbery – not a voluntary code, like the
present WHO code on recruitment, which has no teeth to enforce it. </p>
<p class="mainitalic">The new philanthropies and the food crisis</p>
<p class="main">I am also member of the People's Health Movement, a global
movement active in about 70 countries, with several affiliated organisations.
We have a position in PHM of unconditional but critical support of the UN
agencies. Although they are imperfect, they represent the views of the member
states. However, they have been weakened substantially because countries are
not funding them as they should. They should also be strengthened and they
should be bolder. But private initiatives such as the Gates Foundation are
major funders and they are influencing these agencies to a great extent.</p>
<p class="main">As Bob Dylan said, money doesn't talk, it swears. We need to
speak about the financial crisis, a food crisis and a climate crisis (and
climate is not mentioned in the Rio Declaration). The financial crisis is a
crisis of capitalism. There is <a href="http://www.wphna.org/downloadsnov2011/11-10-20%20WCSDH%20Civil%20society%20Declaration.pdf">an
alternative Rio Declaration</a> put up by civil society, with ten very clear
demands, including a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobin_tax" target="_blank">Tobin tax</a>. Why aren't United Nations agencies calling for
this? This is not a radical thing, it's a tax on the casino economy. Now poor
people everywhere, including in SoutherN Europe,
are paying for the crisis. We should stand up for them</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>