From: <b class="gmail_sendername">Amit Sengupta</b> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:asengupta@phmovement.org" target="_blank">asengupta@phmovement.org</a>></span><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div class="gmail_quote">
<div class="gmail_quote">
<br><br>FYI: Interesting article
</div><br><b>NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES</b><br><b>Will industry influence derail UN summit?</b><br><br>In the run up to the UN summit on non-communicable diseases, there are fears that industry interests<br>might be trumping evidence based public health interventions. Will anything valuable be agreed?<br>
Deborah Cohen reports<br>Deborah Cohen investigations editor<br>BMJ, London WC1H 9JR, UK<br><br>“I wish I had AIDS and not diabetes,” a man in Cambodia was<br>heard to say. He was speaking to UN representative Princess<br>
Dina Mired of Jordan. The man was not commentating on the<br>diseases themselves but highlighting the fact that with AIDS<br>he could be treated for free in a modern facility whereas<br>treatment for diabetes was unaffordable in his country.<br>
Such is the plight of some patients with chronic diseases in low<br>and middle income countries, that the UN general assembly<br>unanimously voted to convene a special summit on<br>non-communicable diseases—cancer, cardiovascular disease,<br>
respiratory illnesses, and diabetes—to be held in New York on<br>19-20 September.<br>Many hope that this meeting will force non-communicable<br>diseases into the spotlight just as the first health related UN<br>summit did for AIDS a decade ago. But non-communicable<br>
diseases do not have the high profile AIDS campaigners, gay<br>activists, and celebrities ramping up pressure on governments<br>to act.<br>The NCD Alliance, a group of international federations<br>representing the four main non-communicable diseases, and<br>
public health professionals have quietly pieced together evidence<br>for action on a group of chronic illnesses that the influential<br>World Economic Forum has placed high on its list of global<br>financial risks.1 One estimate is that $84bn (£51bn; €59bn) of<br>
economic output will be lost between 2005 and 2015 as a result<br>of non-communicable diseases.2<br>But years of planning may be set to unravel. With only weeks<br>to go before the summit, years of negotiations seem to be<br>
stalling. Discussions have stopped on the document that forms<br>the spine of the summit, and charities are concerned that<br>governments are trying to wriggle out of commitments.<br>With UN meetings, most of the ground work is done well in<br>
advance, and centres on drafting a declaration. By signing up<br>to a declaration, governments make a commitment to its aims.<br>But for governments to make such public pledges, they have to<br>be sure they can deliver. Attention is paid to the precise wording;<br>
there can be no room for misinterpretation.<br>Heavily annotated draft documents have been circulating among<br>the various member states for many months. Each change is<br>marked with the names of the countries, flagging up where the<br>
fracture lines are. The latest version—dated 5 August—is being<br>kept under wraps. The BMJ has, however, seen a copy.<br>An NCD Alliance meeting suggested that “member states are<br>deeply divided on key issues,” including access to essential<br>
medicines and vaccines; control of risk factors; and resources<br>to prevent and control NCDs. But the biggest worry is the lack<br>of precise goals.<br>“Of particular concern are the “actions of the US, Canada and<br>the European Union to block proposals for the inclusion of an<br>
overarching goal: to cut preventable deaths from NCDs by 25%<br>by 2025,” the alliance said in a statement.<br>Risk factors<br>One argument for grouping together cardiovascular disease,<br>respiratory illnesses, cancer, and diabetes is that they share<br>
common risk factors—namely, tobacco use, unhealthy diet, lack<br>of physical activity, and misuse of alcohol. But there’s political<br>disagreement on who experiences the greatest burden of disease<br>and how much the various risk factors contribute.<br>
The World Health Organization is clear that non-communicable<br>diseases are diseases of poverty and that therefore social<br>determinants of health need to be tackled.3 But a letter from<br>Andrew Mitchell, the UK’s secretary of state for international<br>
development, in May this year shows that not everyone agrees.<br>“While there are many poor people affected by NCDs, and<br>certainly, these diseases are an important and growing cause of<br>impoverishment, the majority of sufferers tend still to be in the<br>
wealthier quintiles of the population,” said the letter.<br>This view was corrected by a commentary in the Lancet,4 but<br>the misconception will undoubtedly be replicated elsewhere.<br><a href="mailto:dcohen@bmj.com" target="_blank">dcohen@bmj.com</a><br>
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BMJ 2011;343:d5328 doi: 10.1136/bmj.d5328 Page 1 of 4<br>
Feature<br>FEATURE<br>Economic climate and donors<br>As Richard Smith, professor of health system economics at the<br>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, points out,<br>there are winners and losers from every action and they are not<br>
as obvious as you might think. Reduced red meat consumption<br>in the UK may have health benefits for the UK population but<br>will also affect farmers across the world, potentially causing<br>job losses and plunging people into poverty. The resulting health<br>
effects of poverty may exceed the benefits from reduced<br>consumption of meat.<br>But protection of financial interests is a more important barrier<br>to change. When traffic light labelling on food was discussed<br>in Europe, companies tried to persuade members of the European<br>
Parliament that restrictions on the food industry would inevitably<br>lead to job losses—among other things. And exactly as the<br>tobacco industry had before, the food industry used sponsored<br>science—placing articles in journals—to influence policy<br>
makers.5<br>The campaign was successful—traffic lights were not<br>implemented in the EU. And in the current economic climate,<br>this fiscal argument might carry even more weight. Some cash<br>strapped EU governments and the US—among the chief donor<br>
countries—may not want to risk rising unemployment rates at<br>the expense of fending off ill health in low and middle income<br>countries.<br>Influence of industry<br>There are numerous examples of the powerful sway that the<br>
tobacco, alcohol, and food industries have over international<br>governments and how this impedes effective health policy.<br>WHO director general, Margaret Chan, warned in Moscow this<br>year that many threats to health come from powerful<br>
corporations, driven by commercial interests—and she should<br>know. When WHO tried to provide guidance on restricting<br>dietary sugar consumption in 2003 they were told in no uncertain<br>terms to back off; their report was dismissed as “misguided”<br>
and “non-science based” by the Sugar Association.<br>And food is proving to be a sticking point again. Changes to<br>language in the latest version of the draft document are subtle<br>but clearly important. While the so called G77 group of lower<br>
income states—including India, China, Kenya, and<br>Brazil—argue that saturated fat should be reduced in processed<br>products, as well as sugar and salt, that recommendation is being<br>resisted by the US, Canada, Australia, and the EU. A specific<br>
target of reducing population salt intake to less than 5 g per<br>person per day has been considered but deleted.<br>“Omission of saturated fat follows the conflicted industry<br>agenda,” claims the World Public Health Nutrition Association,<br>
a group of public health and nutrition professionals.6<br>And they’re not the only ones who are concerned that industry<br>interests might be trumping evidence based public health<br>interventions. Non-governmental organisations point to the draft<br>
document’s call for “partnerships” between industry and<br>government on prevention and control of non-communicable<br>diseases. They are not convinced that industry won’t strong arm<br>its way into getting what it wants in public health plans.<br>
The BMJ has learnt that this partnership approach—whereby<br>governments work with other organisations such as industry<br>and non-governmental organisations—is one of the most<br>contentious points in the latest version of the draft outcome<br>
document.<br>In a letter to George Alleyne, the former director of the Pan<br>American Health Organization, who is central to the discussions,<br>Patti Rundall, policy director of Baby Milk Action, expressed<br>concern that partnerships meant a “close” rather than<br>
“arms-length” relationship with business.<br>“We share the NCD Alliance concerns that there should be<br>concrete actions to take the NCD issue forward and we all want<br>industry to change—but we strongly believe that this proposed<br>
‘partnership’ is entirely the wrong strategy.”<br>Over 100 non-governmental organisations and medical groups<br>signed a petition in July saying that there needed to be a code<br>of conduct with industry as there was a “lack of clarity of roles<br>
for the industry sector in UN health policy setting and shaping.”<br>At a UN meeting in New York for representatives of charities<br>and the public (called “civil society” in global health) in<br>June—staged to allow advocates to have their say on the final<br>
political declaration—many of the tabled speakers came from<br>groups either representing industry or funded by industry.<br>Speakers included representatives of the International Federation<br>of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations, the<br>
International Food and Beverage Alliance, and the World<br>Federation of the Sporting Goods Industry. A list of those<br>attending the September summit on behalf of civil society also<br>includes representatives of industry, the BMJ has learnt.<br>
GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi-Aventis, and the Global Alcohol<br>Consumers Group are included within the official US delegation.<br>And drinks companies Diageo and SABMiller are coming from<br>the UK.<br>Nevertheless, this hasn’t stopped Olivier Reynaud from the<br>
World Economic Forum—one of WHO’s main partners along<br>with the NCD Alliance—from complaining that the private<br>sector has no voice in the negotiations later that month. It<br>perhaps comes as no surprise that, along with Tony Blair and<br>
Kofi Annan, Peter Brabeck, a former CEO and current chairman<br>of Nestle, is a board member of the World Economic Forum.<br>Non-governmental organisations are concerned that industry<br>does not represent “civil society” or the public interest. While<br>
non-governmental organisations and many public health<br>professionals argue that legislation is needed for successful<br>change, that is clearly not in the interests of industry.<br>Louise Kantrow, from the International Chamber of Commerce,<br>
who represent business interests globally, told the New York<br>meeting in June: “Enterprises in all sectors in both the public<br>and private domains are happy to play their part on a voluntary<br>basis.”<br>Bill Jeffery, from International Association of Consumer Food<br>
Organisations, says that the UN and WHO need to put up<br>firewalls between their policy making processes and the alcohol<br>and food companies “whose products stoke chronic diseases”<br>and the drug and medical technology companies “whose fortunes<br>
rise with every diagnosed case.”<br>“If national leaders embrace lame vendor-friendly voluntary<br>‘solutions’ instead of effective regulations governing advertising,<br>product reformulation, package labelling, government<br>
procurement, and VAT reforms, public health and national<br>economies will strain under the burden of NCDs for generations<br>to come,” he said.<br>Nevertheless, the call for voluntary measures seems to be<br>bearing fruit. The US is lobbying hard for a set of “voluntary”<br>
targets for the control of non-communicable diseases in the<br>current draft of the political declaration, which the BMJ has<br>seen. Non-governmental organisations worry that setting up a<br>For personal use only: See rights and reprints <a href="http://www.bmj.com/permissions" target="_blank">http://www.bmj.com/permissions</a> Subscribe: <a href="http://www.bmj.com/subscribe" target="_blank">http://www.bmj.com/subscribe</a><br>
BMJ 2011;343:d5328 doi: 10.1136/bmj.d5328 Page 2 of 4<br>FEATURE<br>voluntary code will undermine any move towards tougher<br>restrictions.<br>The draft documents show that Norway is trying to take a strong<br>lead despite protests from the US. Morten Wetland, the<br>
Norwegian ambassador to the United Nations, acknowledges<br>the role of regulation—and how it is proving to be a sticking<br>point. There are several diseases caused by poor diet, drinking<br>and smoking “which are largely untouched by the legislative<br>
power and the treaty making capacity of this House and we need<br>to be prepared to have a serious discussion about that when we<br>meet in the forum,” he said at the meeting in June.<br>But even when legislation has been implemented, history is<br>
replete with examples of how companies simply find another<br>means of getting their message across.<br>Tobacco is already governed by legislation. And the tide is<br>turning with alcohol. At a WHO meeting last year, several<br>
international governments proposed that there should be a legal<br>framework for alcohol. But the political declaration contains<br>no references to legislation surrounding the marketing and<br>taxation of alcohol.<br>As one academic wrote: “Note that effective evidence based<br>
measures on alcohol (controlling price, availability and<br>marketing) are being deleted, and industry favoured measures<br>(partnership working, community actions, and health promotion)<br>being substituted,” they said, adding: “These changes bear the<br>
mark of the drinks industry and are a result of heavy industry<br>lobbying in New York.”<br>Even commitments to tackling tobacco use are being watered<br>down. Although there are calls to use fiscal policies to prevent<br>
non-communicable diseases, Japan, the EU, US, and Canada<br>are resisting all language on taxation. And in the latest draft,<br>some tobacco producing G77 countries, such as Cuba and<br>Indonesia, are refusing to acknowledge the “fundamental and<br>
irreconcilable” conflicts of interest between the tobacco industry<br>and public health. Such countries have not signed up to the<br>Framework Convention of Tobacco Control.<br>What the likes of Corporate Accountability, an international<br>
watchdog, are worried about is that if industry agree to a set of<br>voluntary principles it will be little more than window dressing.<br>For every motivated executive who is committed to improving<br>a company’s corporate social responsibility, there are<br>
shareholders who will kick back if sales are falling.<br>When industry market share numbers came out in March this<br>year, showing Pepsi-Cola slipped to number 3 in the sales stakes<br>ranking—falling behind Coca-Cola and Diet Coke—Pepsi duly<br>
opted to spend 30% more on advertising. Indra Nooyi, chairman<br>and chief executive officer of PepsiCo, is facing doubts from<br>investors and industry insiders concerned that her push into<br>healthier brands have distracted the company from some core<br>
products, the Wall Street Journal reports. 7<br>Nevertheless, PepsiCo have secured the prime side-event slot<br>at the UN meeting: a breakfast event from 8-10 am on the<br>morning of the summit.<br>If voluntary measures are put in place, who’s going to monitor<br>
and who’s really going to hold the various industries to account?<br>In a letter to Ban Ki-moon, UN secretary general, this month,<br>the NCD Alliance expressed concern that there has been “no<br>clear decision to establish the means through which<br>
commitments can be followed up and coordinated at a global<br>level. It asks the secretary general to provide options by the end<br>of next year for further consideration.<br>“There’s an allergy to accountability,” Jorge Alday, associate<br>
director of the World Lung Foundation told the BMJ. “There is<br>no clear timeline about what’s going to happen and there is push<br>back from the US and EU for having a comprehensive review<br>in 2014.”<br>The NCD Alliance agrees that preventive measures need to be<br>
put in place. However, there is concern that funding streams<br>from some of its member organisations might limit the alliance’s<br>ability to call for tighter controls on industry. One of the main<br>members of the alliance, The World Heart Federation, accepts<br>
funding from Unilever8—owners of brands that make dairy<br>produce and some fast foods.<br>In a statement to the BMJ , the federation said. “In the case of<br>enterprises involved in manufacturing, distribution and sales of<br>
food and beverages, the World Heart Federation considers the<br>important role they must play in product reformulation to<br>eliminate trans fats, and reduce saturated fat and salt intake.”<br>The alliance is supported by 10 pharmaceutical and medical<br>
technology companies. The supporters have put out their own<br>statement.<br>Governments should “validate and support the critical role of<br>companies, across a broad variety of sectors, as value-adding<br>partners to governments, civil society and other stakeholders,”<br>
it said.<br>However, the alliance stresses that “funds are applied at the<br>Alliance’s discretion, with no influence or involvement from<br>funding partners.”<br>Indeed, it is Japan who has been doing the bidding on behalf of<br>
the drug industry in negotiations. The country is keen to support<br>the use of “high quality” medicines—a reference to branded as<br>opposed to generic drugs; is pushing public-private partnerships<br>and incentivising innovation; and, in line with drug industry<br>
requests, calls for “acknowledged public health best practices,”<br>as opposed to cost effective interventions.<br>Other economic concerns<br>But while industries have their own interests to think about, so<br>do politicians—which might well limit their responses. Donor<br>
countries have problems with non-communicable diseases on<br>their own turf. There is no appetite for a new vertical or disease<br>based initiative.<br>Professor Smith is concerned that non-communicable disease<br>advocates have been doing a lot of talking among themselves.<br>
“Saying NCDs are bad and they affect people’s health is far too<br>simplistic,” he says.<br>While health ministers might be convinced that “the health of<br>the country is the wealth of the country” as one report argued,9<br>
advocates have to persuade those occupying the powerful trade,<br>industry, and budgetary offices in international governments.<br>And they are yet to be convinced. The negotiations have stalled,<br>in part, because there is a reluctance of donor countries to call<br>
for increased resources for non-communicable diseases.<br>Politics<br>According to Professor Smith, the issues are very diffuse, and<br>it is hard to see what the political win is for some departments.<br>Political short termism may well win out.<br>
It was a point noted at a UK Chronic Disease Task Force<br>meeting in December last year. Minutes said that they would<br>need to “make the case for the government as to why it would<br>be in their interest to be a champion.”<br>
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BMJ 2011;343:d5328 doi: 10.1136/bmj.d5328 Page 3 of 4<br>
FEATURE<br>Sudeep Chand, global health fellow at Chatham House and a<br>former adviser at the Department of Health—also says there<br>needs to be sophisticated political thinking.<br>“Leaders need to think of votes—this usually goes down<br>
monetary lines and numbers of lives saved. There’s got to be a<br>political gain particularly in democratic countries. How to deal<br>with this long term in relation with other crises might be<br>difficult. China could be better at doing this, for example. UK<br>
and US policy is often undermined by turnover of staff and an<br>inability to implement long term plans,” he said.<br>One stumbling block for all those involved is the priority setting<br>and the relationship between non-communicable and<br>
communicable disease. India, for example, has tacitly agreed<br>to adhere to WHO’s code for marketing food to children—and<br>the WHO calls on member states to sign up to it—but<br>under-nutrition is seen as more of a current problem in India.<br>
Maybe, Professor Smith says, nutrition as a whole—looking at<br>both poor diet and lack of food— should be tackled as one.<br>Even if the politics are overcome, tackling non-communicable<br>diseases is a long term game. “The summit is a political platform<br>
to get a coherent strategy together—for leaders to acknowledge<br>that this is an issue. It’s not a game changer, but it’s a start,” Dr<br>Chand says.<br>Competing interests: The author has completed the ICJME unified<br>
disclosure form at <a href="http://www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf" target="_blank">www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf</a> (available on<br>request from her) and declares no support from any organisation for<br>the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organisation that<br>
might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years;<br>and no other relationships or activities that could appear to have<br>influenced the submitted work.<br>Provenance and peer review: Commissioned; not externally peer<br>
reviewed.<br>1 World Economic Forum. Global risks 2011. <a href="http://www.riskreport.weforum.org" target="_blank">www.riskreport.weforum.org</a>.<br>2 Abegunde DO, Mathers CD, Adam T, Ortegon M, Strong K. The burden and costs of<br>
chronic diseases in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 2007;370:1929-38.<br>
3 Stuckler D, Basu S, McKee M. UN high level meeting on non-communicable diseases:<br>an opportunity for whom? BMJ 2011;343;d5336.<br>4 Beaglehole R, Bonita R, Alleyne G, Horton R, Li L, Lincoln P, et al. UN high-level meeting<br>
on non-communicable disease: addressing four questions. Lancet (forthcoming).<br>5 Corporate Europe Observatory. A red light for consumer information. CEO, 2010.<br>6 World Public Health Nutrition Association. UN summit on non-communicable diseases.<br>
<a href="http://www.wphna.org/2011_aug_hp3_un_summit.htm" target="_blank">www.wphna.org/2011_aug_hp3_un_summit.htm</a>.<br>7 Esterl M, Bauerlein V. PepsiCo wakes up and smells the cola. Wall Street Journal 2011<br>June 28.<br>
8 World Heart Federation. Annual report 2009. <a href="http://www.cpe.ch/WHF/whfar/index.php#" target="_blank">www.cpe.ch/WHF/whfar/index.php#</a>.<br>
9 Lincoln P, Mwatsama M. The solid facts about investing in the prevention of<br>non-communicable diseases. In: Commonwealth health ministers’ update 2011.<br>Commonwealth Secretariat, 2011.<br><br>Cite this as: BMJ 2011;343:d5328<br>
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