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<b><br>Responding to racism: Insights on how racism can damage health from an urban study of Australian Aboriginal people</b><br><br></div>

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<p><strong><a name="au1"></a>Anna M. Ziersch<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266#aff1"><sup>a</sup></a><sup>, </sup><a name="bcor1"></a><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266#cor1"><sup><img src="http://www.sciencedirect.com/scidirimg/entities/REcor.gif" alt="Corresponding Author Contact Information" title="Corresponding Author Contact Information" border="0"></sup></a><sup>, </sup><a href="mailto:anna.ziersch@flinders.edu.au" rel="nofollow"><sup><img src="http://www.sciencedirect.com/scidirimg/entities/REemail.gif" alt="E-mail The Corresponding Author" title="E-mail The Corresponding Author" border="0"></sup></a>, <a name="au2"></a>Gilbert Gallaher<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266#aff1"><sup>a</sup></a>, <a name="au3"></a>Fran Baum<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266#aff1"><sup>a</sup></a><sup>, </sup><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266#aff2"><sup>b</sup></a> and <a name="au4"></a>Michael Bentley<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266#aff1"><sup>a</sup></a><sup>, </sup><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266#aff2"><sup>b</sup></a></strong></p>
 

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<p><a name="aff1"></a><sup>a</sup> Southgate Institute for Health Society and Equity, Public Health, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia</p><p><a name="aff2"></a><sup>b</sup> South Australian Community Health Research Unit, Adelaide, Australia</p>
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Available online 23 July 2011.  </div>

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<h3 class="h3">Abstract</h3><a name="abspara0010"></a><p>This paper 
examines responses to racism and the pathways through which racism can 
affect health and wellbeing for Aboriginal people living in an urban 
environment. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in 2006/07 with 153 
Aboriginal people living in Adelaide, Australia. Participants were asked
 about their experience of, and responses to, racism, and the impact of 
these experiences on their health. Racism was regularly experienced by 
93% of participants. Almost two thirds of people felt that racism 
affected their health. Using a thematic analysis with a particular focus
 on how agency and structure interacted, a number of key reactions and 
responses to racism were identified. These included: emotional and 
physiological reactions; and responses such as gaining support from 
social networks; confronting the person/situation; ignoring it; avoiding
 situations where they might experience racism; ‘minimising’ the 
significance or severity of racism or questioning whether incidents were
 racist; and consuming alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. A further theme
 was a conscious decision to not ‘allow’ racism to affect health. Our 
study found that most people used more than one of these coping 
strategies, and that strategies were selected with an awareness of 
positive and negative health impacts. While individuals demonstrated 
substantial agency in their responses, there were clear structural 
constraints on how they reacted and responded. We found that not only 
was racism potentially detrimental to health, but so too were some 
responses. However, while some strategies appeared ‘healthier’ than 
others, most strategies entailed costs and benefits, and these depended 
on the meanings of responses for individuals. This paper concludes that 
initiatives to promote health-protective responses to racism need to 
consider structural constraints and the overarching goal of reducing 
systemic racism.</p> </div></div>

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<h4 class="h4">Highlights</h4><a name="abspara0015"></a><p>► A 
qualitative study of responses to racism by Aboriginal people in urban 
Australia, about which little is known. ► Experience of racism was 
reported by the vast majority of participants and was seen as damaging 
to health. ► The range of responses reported demonstrated individual 
agency, as well as structural constraints on individuals. ► Some 
responses were seen as bad for health, but this depended on the meaning 
of these responses for individuals themselves. ► Concludes with the need
 to tackle the root causes of racism so that individuals will not have 
to cope with its impacts.</p> </div></div>

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<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Australia; Racism; Discrimination; Coping responses; Aboriginal; Indigenous; Whiteness</p> </div>

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<h3 class="h3">Article Outline</h3><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec1">Introduction</a></dt>
</dl><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec2">Background</a></dt><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec2.1">Theorising racism</a></dd>
<dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec2.2">Racism and health</a></dd><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec2.3">Responses to racism</a></dd>
<dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec2.4">Racism and health for Aboriginal people in Australia</a></dd>
</dl><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec3">Methodology</a></dt><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec3.1">Sample</a></dd>
<dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec3.2">Interviews</a></dd><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec3.3">Analysis</a></dd>
</dl><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec4">Findings</a></dt></dl><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec5">Reactions</a></dt>
<dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec5.1">Emotional</a></dd><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec5.2">Physiological</a></dd>
</dl><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec6">Responses</a></dt><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec6.1">Turn to social resources</a></dd>
<dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec6.2">Confronting the person/situation</a></dd><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec6.3">Ignore it</a></dd>
<dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec6.4">Avoidance</a></dd><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec6.5">Minimisation - was it racism?</a></dd>
<dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec6.6">Health-related behavioural responses</a></dd><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec6.7">Breaking the link between racism and health</a></dd>
</dl><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec7">Discussion</a></dt><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec7.1">Study strengths and limitations</a></dd>
</dl><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec8">Conclusion</a></dt></dl><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#ack001">Acknowledgements</a></dt>
</dl><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#bibl001">References</a></dt></dl> </div>