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<b><br>Responding to racism: Insights on how racism can damage health from an urban study of Australian Aboriginal people</b><br><br></div>
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<p><strong><a name="au1"></a>Anna M. Ziersch<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266#aff1"><sup>a</sup></a><sup>, </sup><a name="bcor1"></a><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266#cor1"><sup><img src="http://www.sciencedirect.com/scidirimg/entities/REcor.gif" alt="Corresponding Author Contact Information" title="Corresponding Author Contact Information" border="0"></sup></a><sup>, </sup><a href="mailto:anna.ziersch@flinders.edu.au" rel="nofollow"><sup><img src="http://www.sciencedirect.com/scidirimg/entities/REemail.gif" alt="E-mail The Corresponding Author" title="E-mail The Corresponding Author" border="0"></sup></a>, <a name="au2"></a>Gilbert Gallaher<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266#aff1"><sup>a</sup></a>, <a name="au3"></a>Fran Baum<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266#aff1"><sup>a</sup></a><sup>, </sup><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266#aff2"><sup>b</sup></a> and <a name="au4"></a>Michael Bentley<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266#aff1"><sup>a</sup></a><sup>, </sup><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266#aff2"><sup>b</sup></a></strong></p>
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<p><a name="aff1"></a><sup>a</sup> Southgate Institute for Health Society and Equity, Public Health, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia</p><p><a name="aff2"></a><sup>b</sup> South Australian Community Health Research Unit, Adelaide, Australia</p>
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Available online 23 July 2011. </div>
<br><div class="svAbstract"><div style="display: inline;" class="articleText">
<h3 class="h3">Abstract</h3><a name="abspara0010"></a><p>This paper
examines responses to racism and the pathways through which racism can
affect health and wellbeing for Aboriginal people living in an urban
environment. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in 2006/07 with 153
Aboriginal people living in Adelaide, Australia. Participants were asked
about their experience of, and responses to, racism, and the impact of
these experiences on their health. Racism was regularly experienced by
93% of participants. Almost two thirds of people felt that racism
affected their health. Using a thematic analysis with a particular focus
on how agency and structure interacted, a number of key reactions and
responses to racism were identified. These included: emotional and
physiological reactions; and responses such as gaining support from
social networks; confronting the person/situation; ignoring it; avoiding
situations where they might experience racism; ‘minimising’ the
significance or severity of racism or questioning whether incidents were
racist; and consuming alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. A further theme
was a conscious decision to not ‘allow’ racism to affect health. Our
study found that most people used more than one of these coping
strategies, and that strategies were selected with an awareness of
positive and negative health impacts. While individuals demonstrated
substantial agency in their responses, there were clear structural
constraints on how they reacted and responded. We found that not only
was racism potentially detrimental to health, but so too were some
responses. However, while some strategies appeared ‘healthier’ than
others, most strategies entailed costs and benefits, and these depended
on the meanings of responses for individuals. This paper concludes that
initiatives to promote health-protective responses to racism need to
consider structural constraints and the overarching goal of reducing
systemic racism.</p> </div></div>
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<h4 class="h4">Highlights</h4><a name="abspara0015"></a><p>► A
qualitative study of responses to racism by Aboriginal people in urban
Australia, about which little is known. ► Experience of racism was
reported by the vast majority of participants and was seen as damaging
to health. ► The range of responses reported demonstrated individual
agency, as well as structural constraints on individuals. ► Some
responses were seen as bad for health, but this depended on the meaning
of these responses for individuals themselves. ► Concludes with the need
to tackle the root causes of racism so that individuals will not have
to cope with its impacts.</p> </div></div>
<div style="display: inline;" class="articleText svKeywords">
<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Australia; Racism; Discrimination; Coping responses; Aboriginal; Indigenous; Whiteness</p> </div>
<div style="display: inline;" class="articleText svArticle">
<h3 class="h3">Article Outline</h3><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec1">Introduction</a></dt>
</dl><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec2">Background</a></dt><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec2.1">Theorising racism</a></dd>
<dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec2.2">Racism and health</a></dd><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec2.3">Responses to racism</a></dd>
<dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec2.4">Racism and health for Aboriginal people in Australia</a></dd>
</dl><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec3">Methodology</a></dt><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec3.1">Sample</a></dd>
<dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec3.2">Interviews</a></dd><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec3.3">Analysis</a></dd>
</dl><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec4">Findings</a></dt></dl><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec5">Reactions</a></dt>
<dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec5.1">Emotional</a></dd><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec5.2">Physiological</a></dd>
</dl><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec6">Responses</a></dt><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec6.1">Turn to social resources</a></dd>
<dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec6.2">Confronting the person/situation</a></dd><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec6.3">Ignore it</a></dd>
<dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec6.4">Avoidance</a></dd><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec6.5">Minimisation - was it racism?</a></dd>
<dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec6.6">Health-related behavioural responses</a></dd><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec6.7">Breaking the link between racism and health</a></dd>
</dl><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec7">Discussion</a></dt><dd> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec7.1">Study strengths and limitations</a></dd>
</dl><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#sec8">Conclusion</a></dt></dl><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#ack001">Acknowledgements</a></dt>
</dl><dl><dt><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611004266?_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_origin=&md5=22543fb95e34d36391c44b9d9cd72533#bibl001">References</a></dt></dl> </div>