<br>From: <b class="gmail_sendername">Sarah Walpole</b> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:argotomunky@yahoo.co.uk">argotomunky@yahoo.co.uk</a>></span><br><div class="gmail_quote"><br><br><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td valign="top" style="font:inherit"><h3><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: medium; ">by Martin Hensher</span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt"><a href="http://www.climateandhealth.org/magazine/read/climate-change-peak-oil-and-tomorrows-health-service-_97.html" target="_blank">http://www.climateandhealth.org/magazine/read/climate-change-peak-oil-and-tomorrows-health-service-_97.html</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt"><span style="font-size:small"><span style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><strong>Climate change</strong> is a
crucial challenge facing human health and health
systems.<span> </span> That’s
probably why you’re reading this piece in the first place, and
I’m going to assume you’ve given it some thought
already.<span> </span>
Unfortunately, it is but one of a family of closely related
challenges which have the potential to shape humanity’s future in
difficult and unpredictable
ways.<span> </span><br></span></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt">
<span style="font-size:small"><span style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="font-family:Calibri">While
global demand for energy grows apace – with all the consequences
for the planet’s climate this entails – there is growing evidence
that key fossil fuel resources (especially oil and coal) may have
reached or be approaching the point of maximum production (often
described as <strong>“peak
oil”</strong>).<span> </span>
After reaching this peak, remaining reserves become increasingly
costly and difficult to extract, total production will begin to
fall, and these energy resources will become ever
scarcer.<span> </span> Sadly, the
lag between CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and climate changes means
that peak oil won’t <span> </span>get us off the climate
hook – but it is likely to lead to significant <strong>economic
dislocation</strong> under anything but the rosiest scenarios,
dislocations which may seriously compound the potentially
substantial economic impacts of climate change - and that may
hamper efforts to convert the world’s economy from fossil
fuels<span> </span> to one based on renewable energy
sources.<span> </span> Meanwhile, global
<strong>population
growth</strong> will continue, and the effects of
<strong>ageing</strong> and <strong>non-communicable diseases
will</strong> become more significant, even in developing
countries.<br>
</span></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt">
<span style="font-size:small"><span style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="font-family:Calibri">A great
deal of excellent evidence now exists on the likely public health
consequences of climate change, and on how to reduce the climate
impacts of health services.<span> </span> Less thought has
been given to what <em>kind</em> of health services we
might need as a result of climate change, and still less to what
the potentially nasty interaction of climate change,
resource depletion and economic dislocation might mean for
the nature and functionality of health services in either rich or
poor countries.<span> </span> I believe it’s high time
we put this right, by beginning the uncomfortable debate about
what we need to do now to secure the best chance of maintaining
adequate health care delivery systems in the
future.<span> </span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt">
<span style="font-family:Calibri;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:small">As a
major industry, health care reflects a number of general economic
trends which have become more pronounced in recent
years.<span> </span> These can be
summarised as:</span>
</p>
<ul style="margin-top:0cm" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt">
<span style="font-family:Calibri;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:small">Increasing
<strong>specialisation</strong> of services and health
professionals</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt">
<span style="font-family:Calibri;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:small">Increasing
<strong>centralisation</strong> of services and
expertise</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt">
<span style="font-size:small"><span style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="font-family:Calibri">Increasing
<strong>globalisation</strong> of supplier markets, and greater
reliance on “just in time” delivery of key inputs even while
their supply lines become ever longer</span></span></span>
</li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt">
<span style="font-size:small"><span style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span> </span>Whether
we like it or not, it would have been hard – perhaps impossible -
to have avoided the pressures that have driven these trends in
health care.<span> </span>
<span> </span>Much evidence
exists in many clinical areas that supports a direct link between
specialisation, service centralisation and improved clinical
outcomes; while under the prevailing economic model of our times,
these trends have indeed (when measured by market prices, at
least) offered greater efficiency, economies of scale, and the
opportunity to maximise health care outcomes for a given health
budget.<span> </span> Indeed,
they are central to efforts to improve the productivity of the
NHS in England under the QIPP programme, for
example.<span> </span> But what if these are yesterday’s
solutions to yesterday’s problems?</span></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt">
<span style="font-family:Calibri;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:small">Above
all else, the interaction of climate change and growing resource
scarcity is most likely to lead to considerable unpredictability
and volatility in global, national and regional
economies.<span> </span> Our
current health care systems – in the rich world, at least – have
become highly complex niche inhabitants in a thus far rather
predictable economic system.<span> </span> We need rapidly
to consider how vulnerable health care models might be to an
altogether less predictable world, and how to make them more
resilient.<span> </span> Some
examples of the challenges we will need to consider might
include: how well current models of acute care might work if
patients become less able to travel long distances for care –
perhaps due to fuel scarcity or high fuel
prices?<span> </span> How well might services work if supply
chains for key drugs and consumables became more prone to
disruption and interruption?<span> </span> How safe a bet is
ever greater reliance on IT if energy supplies are scarce or
unpredictable? <span> </span>How
might other risks (such as antibiotic resistance) interact with
resource scarcity?<span> </span>
How can we prepare and train our health professionals to be more
flexible, so they can work not just in ideal circumstances, but
be trained to expect and to thrive in what we now might consider
to be very adverse circumstances, in which they simply cannot
offer everything they might wish to patients?</span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt">
<span style="font-size:small"><span style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="font-family:Calibri">This debate
is hard, and very uncomfortable.<span> </span> We can
enthusiastically embrace the re-localisation of food production
or small-scale manufacturing, and find great benefits
therein.<span> </span> But “re-localising”<span> </span> vascular surgery, say, may not
be like that at all – we wouldn’t do it if we had a choice, and
it may well lead to dead patients.<span> </span> In some of the harsher future
scenarios, it might well be impossible for us to maintain the
clinical outcomes that we achieve today in some
areas.<span> </span> Equally,
before we get too carried away with blueprints for new models of
care, we must also remember that something like “business as
usual” may be one of the possible scenarios we must plan for – if
so, we have to be careful, because implementing our plans for the
worst case might sacrifice outcomes and benefits that could have
been achieved if we don’t actually end up in an ecological
dystopia.<span> </span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt">
<span style="font-family:Calibri;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:small">Engaging
people – whether health care workers, the public or politicians –
with debates about what is the least bad option is difficult and
unappealing, when we would all far rather talk about best
practice and new technologies. <span> </span>It’s awkward
when the most useful lessons might come from poor countries
rather than from closer to home.<span> </span> And it’s even harder when
political debate about health care “reform” focuses on all sides
on how best to tweak the business as usual model, not on how best
to keep health systems functional in very different and
unpredictable futures.<span> </span> But I believe it
is what professionalism requires us to do – and we have a lot of
lost time to make up.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:small"><br></span>
</p><br><br></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br>