<div><br></div><div>Issues for consideration at the WHO Executive Board</div><div><br></div><div>Distinguished members of the Executive Board of WHO,</div><div><br></div><div>On behalf of the People’s Health Movement and a number of affiliated networks I submit the </div>
<div>comments and suggestions included below regarding some of the items appearing on the agenda of the </div><div>WHO Executive Board. We hope that you may find time to read and consider these comments before </div><div>
the relevant discussions at the EB. We hope that you find them useful. </div><div>PHM is a global network of organizations working locally, nationally and globally for ‘health for </div><div>all’. Our basic platform is articulated in the People’s Charter for Health which was adopted at the first </div>
<div>People’s Health Assembly in December 2000. More information about PHM can be found at </div><div><a href="http://www.phmovement.org">www.phmovement.org</a>. </div><div>PHM is committed to a stronger WHO, adequately funded, with appropriate powers and playing </div>
<div>the leading role in global health governance. PHM follows closely the work of WHO, through the </div><div>governing bodies and the secretariat. Across our networks we have technical experts and grass roots </div><div>
organizations with close interests in many of the issues coming before you over the next week. </div><div>However, WHO does not make it easy for civil society NGOs to contribute to its consideration of the </div><div>issues coming before it. It limits the number of organizations which have a formal relationship with </div>
<div>WHO and has recently restricted access to spaces in the Palais de Nations during the WHA. It seems </div><div>that WHO is more welcoming of private sector organizations than people’s organizations. A different </div>
<div>model of consultation was evident during the work of the Commission on Social Determinants and </div><div>Health. </div><div>Over the last week members of the PHM WHO liaison group have been working through the EB </div>
<div>Agenda with the assistance of high level experts from a number of collaborating networks and NGOs. </div><div>This workshop was part of our Global Health Governance Initiative which involves both watching and </div><div>
advocacy. In the course of these discussions we have prepared the following comments on some of the </div><div>key issues coming before you. </div><div>Members of the PHM WHO liaison group will be following the discussion at the EB over the next </div>
<div>week and would be keen to discuss these comments with you during this week. 2</div><div><br></div><div>4.1 Pandemic influenza preparedness: sharing of influenza viruses and access to vaccines and other benefits. </div>
<div><b>Secretariat note </b></div><div>The Open-Ended Working Group of Member States on Pandemic Influenza Preparedness: sharing of influenza</div><div>viruses and access to vaccines and other benefits will meet in December 2010. A report on this meeting and other </div>
<div>technical consultations undertaken to support the Group’s work will be made to the Sixty-fourth World Health </div><div>Assembly, through the Executive Board, as decided in resolution WHA63.1.</div><div><b>PHM Comment </b></div>
<div>The provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity provide for benefit sharing where </div><div>biological samples such as viral material are transferred internationally. Resolution WHA60/28 provides </div><div>
a clear direction for managing this issue. </div><div>The H5N1 and H1N1 crises have shown the need for a equitable and transparent mechanism for </div><div>pandemic preparedness that puts public health as a top priority over industry’s profits. </div>
<div>A viable and sustainable system for pandemic preparedness must include sustainable forms of </div><div>benefit sharing; ad hoc donations are unreliable solutions. This means that recipients of influenza </div><div>biological materials must commit to benefit sharing on a mandatory basis. This is important to achieve</div>
<div>public health objectives as well as to ensure compliance with international obligations under the </div><div>Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) to which almost all WHO member states (except for the US) are</div>
<div>a party to. The CBD requires that those that receive and use genetic resources must share benefit arising </div><div>from the use of those resources. </div><div>A Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA), constructed as a formal contractual agreement </div>
<div>between the provider of biological resource and the recipient of such resource, is a practical way of </div><div>achieving concrete benefit sharing. MTAs have been used in the sharing of influenza biological material </div>
<div>previously and there are no reasons why standardised MTAs should not now be mandated for use in the </div><div>transfer of influenza biological materials. SMTA must have a contractual binding effect, and contain </div>
<div>terms and conditions on the use of influenza biological material as well as benefit sharing to be an </div><div>effective solution. </div><div>Claims of private intellectual property rights over the influenza biological resources or over the </div>
<div>products/processes developed using such material should not be allowed by WHO linked centres or by </div><div>third parties. If third parties are allowed to claim IPRs over the products/processes developed using such </div>
<div>material then royalty free licenses must be made available to developing countries. </div><div>The definition of PIP biological material in the Framework must include parts of the biological </div><div>material in particular their genetic and other components and parts thereof, including genes (RNA and </div>
<div>DNA), genes sequences and polynucleotides as well as the polypeptides they encode. It further includes</div><div>sequence data. </div><div>The co-chairs of the OEWG should invite civil society organizations to make written submissions as </div>
<div>many such organization may be unable to participate the inter-sessional consultations in person due to</div><div>funding constraints. 3</div><div><br></div><div>4.3 Public health, innovation and intellectual property </div>
<div><b>Secretariat note</b>: </div><div>The Consultative Expert Working Group on Research and Development: </div><div>Financing and Coordination </div><div>The Director-General will propose a composition of the Consultative Expert Working Group to the Board for </div>
<div>approval, drawing on the roster of experts whose details, following consultation with Regional Committees, have </div><div>been submitted to the Director-General through the respective Regional Directors, and taking into account regional </div>
<div>representation according to the composition of the Executive Board, gender balance and diversity of expertise, and </div><div>the Regional Committees’ recommendations. </div><div><b>PHM Comment</b> </div><div>The Director-General proposes to recommend the composition of the Consultative Expert </div>
<div>Working Group on Research and Development: Financing and Coordination to the Board for approval. </div><div>The issues on which the CEWG will provide advice are of critical importance in terms of finding </div><div>workable mechanisms for mobilizing funds for research and development in relation to pharmaceuticals </div>
<div>and other medical products. The use of the patent system to raise (some of the) money for research and</div><div>development has failed the tests of access and equity and appears to be failing with respect to </div><div>
innovation also. However, large pharmaceutical corporations are reluctant to consider such a significant </div><div>change in their way of doing business and have opposed moving away from this model. </div><div>The credibility of WHO will not be enhanced if non-transparent mechanisms for assembling the </div>
<div>CEWG leave scope for concluding that conflict of interest conventions were not followed in evaluating </div><div>the options before this group. In particular we are concerned to note that an employee of a large </div>
<div>pharmaceutical corporation is recommended. It was our understanding that WHO’s conflict of interest </div><div>policy would preclude such involvement in a norm setting forum, which clearly this is. We recommend </div>
<div>that the appointment of Mr Paul Linus Herrling be disallowed on this basis. </div><div>We note that Resolution 62.28 4(c) requires the DG “to establish a roster of experts comprising all </div><div>the nominations submitted by the regional directors”. We argue that all of the names of the experts on</div>
<div>this roster should be provided to the EB, not just the proposed members of the Group. </div><div>We note the lack of career detail provided regarding the proposed members. We believe that a </div><div>brief CV should have been provided with each name so that the nature of the expertise that the </div>
<div>proposed members bring to the Group might be clear to the EB. </div><div>We recommend that EB approval of this list be deferred pending the provision and consideration </div><div>of these additional data. </div><div>
4.4 Health-related Millennium Development Goals </div><div>Secretariat note: WHO’s role in the follow-up to the high-level plenary meeting of the sixtyfifth session of the United Nations General Assembly on the review of the Millennium </div>
<div>Development Goals (September 2010) </div><div>The report includes information on the progress made in the implementation of resolutions WHA63.15 and</div><div>WHA63.24, the latter of which expanded the coverage of the annual report on the monitoring of the achievement </div>
<div>of the health-related Millennium Development Goals to include an account of progress towards achievement of 4</div><div>Millennium Development Goal 4 to reduce child mortality: prevention and treatment of pneumonia. At the request </div>
<div>of a Member State, the report also presents an overview of WHO’s engagement in the high-level plenary meeting </div><div>on the review of the Millennium Development Goals and the follow-up activities, describing the key health </div>
<div>outcomes, implications for WHO and for countries, and required actions to achieve the Goals in the next five years. </div><div>PHM Comment </div><div>In Document EB128/7 the Secretariat reports on progress towards achievement of health related </div>
<div>Millennium Development Goals and particularly Goal 4 (to reduce child mortality - through the </div><div>prevention and treatment of pneumonia). </div><div>This report is focused largely on the technical interventions which will form part of any health </div>
<div>development program but is very thin with respect to the political and economic context in which these</div><div>interventions might be mounted. Despite the mention of the Commission on Social Determinants of </div><div>
Health there is little in this report which reflects the focus on equity and adressing upstream </div><div>determinants which were elaborated by the CSDH. There is no reference to the constant pressure to </div><div>liberalise trade which in many settings has exacerbated hunger and malnutrition. </div>
<div>The Secretariat is to be commended for its emphasis on the need for health system strengthening </div><div>but we suggest that it could articulate more clearly the links between privatization policies forced on </div>
<div>many L&MICs and the collapse of health systems; </div><div>These are issues which are not widely understood. The WHO’s leadership role demands that it </div><div>takes the lead in researching, analyzing and developing appropriate policies to address these issues. </div>
<div><br></div><div>4.5 Health system strengthening </div><div><b>Secretariat note</b> </div><div>The review will include a summary of current debate on national and global approaches to national health policies, strategies </div>
<div>and plans, and the role of such dialogue in the achievement of better health outcomes and the mobilization and alignment of </div><div>resources behind country priorities. The report will cover the building blocks for health systems including, at the request of a </div>
<div>Member State, a review of early progress made in the implementation of the WHO Global Code of Practice on the International </div><div>Recruitment of Health Personnel.</div><div>PHM Comment </div><div>A report (Document EB128/8) is provided by the Secretariat pointing towards strengthening the </div>
<div>role of WHO in supporting national work towards health system strengthening. </div><div>This is an inadequate report. </div><div>Notwithstanding the promise of the annotation on the EB agenda, there is nothing in this report </div>
<div>about the implementation of the WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of </div><div>Health Personnel. Indeed there is nothing about the workforce crisis, no reference to how brain drain in </div>
<div>health is to be managed; no reference to the policy question of compensation of L&MICs whose </div><div>exported professionals are staffing the hospitals and clinics of richer countries. </div><div>There is no mention in this report of the policies of the World Bank which since 1993 have </div>
<div>promoted the horizontal stratification of health systems (private for the rich, social insurance for the </div><div>middle and minimal safety net packages for the poor), nor is there any explicit analysis of the </div>
<div>contribution of the disease specific funding bodies in promoting vertical fragmentation and internal 5</div><div>brain drain. There is no mention of IMF restrictions on ‘fiscal space’ in actually applying resources which </div>
<div>may be available. </div><div>The report acknowledges that health care reform is fundamentally a political process but the </div><div>focus on the rational logic of ‘best practice’ does not offer any guidance with respect to the politics of </div>
<div>health care reform. In particular there is no mention of the advocacy, accountability and participatory </div><div>role of civil society in driving health system reform. </div><div>4.6 Global immunization vision and strategy </div>
<div>Secretariat note </div><div>Resolution WHA61.15 requests the Director-General to report on progress made towards achievement of global </div><div>immunization goals. The report describes the implementation of the Global Immunization Vision and Strategy </div>
<div>2006-2015 and gives an outline of efforts made by WHO, UNICEF, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and other </div><div>stakeholders to launch a 2011–2020 Decade of Vaccines and Immunization. The Board is invited to consider </div>
<div>endorsement of the new initiative’s process and scope. </div><div><b>PHM Commen</b>t </div><div>A ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach in the introduction of new vaccines should be avoided. National </div><div>priorities are not everywhere the same. The introduction of new vaccines should be subject to detailed</div>
<div>needs assessment studies, cost-benefit analyses and public health impact assessments which recognize </div><div>the specific circumstances of each member state. WHO should assist member states in undertaking such </div>
<div>studies where appropriate. An urgent focus is required on adequately strengthening the vaccine delivery </div><div>system without disrupting existing health services.</div><div>It is recognized that effective and efficient vaccine delivery requires and should be mediated </div>
<div>through well functioning health systems. It is less widely recognized that a pre-occupation with </div><div>immunisation delivery can disrupt health care delivery with serious negative consequences. </div><div>Sustainability is a key criterion in the financing of immunization programs. While Global Alliance </div>
<div>on Vaccines and Immunizations (GAVI) may subsidize the cost of new vaccines for a few years, the </div><div>capacity of member states to carry those costs in the longer term once the new vaccines have become </div><div>
part of their routine national health strategy needs to be considered. The projected costs of a full course </div><div>of vaccination (para 25) underlines the importance of affordability. </div><div>Member states should be given technical assistance with respect to using the flexibilities provided </div>
<div>under the Trade Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement to ensure affordability </div><div>of vaccines. </div><div>The strategy should prioritise the provision of technical support and technology transfer to </div>
<div>strengthen the capacity of member states to produce vaccines domestically. We recommend a focus on </div><div>building research and manufacturing capacity in the public sector so governments are not over-reliant </div>
<div>on the private vaccine industry and biotech industry. </div><div>The strategy mentions monitoring and surveillance of immunization but should also include </div><div>reference to the monitoring of adverse events in the use of vaccines. Likewise the strategy should 6</div>
<div>include the promotion of safe injection, proper storage of vaccines and ensuring appropriate </div><div>compensation mechanisms for adverse events. </div><div><br></div><div>4.7 Draft WHO HIV/AIDS strategy 2011–2015 </div>
<div><b>Secretariat note </b></div><div>Following the request to the Director-General in resolution WHA63.19 to submit a WHO HIV/AIDS strategy for </div><div>2011–2015, a broad consultation process has informed a draft global health sector strategy for HIV/AIDS structured </div>
<div>around four main goals: improving HIV outcomes; improving broader health outcomes; strengthening health</div><div>systems; and creating supportive environments. The Board is invited to consider the draft strategy. </div>
<div><b>PHM Comment </b></div><div>The progress report (EB128/10) does not discuss barriers to the implementation of the “Three </div><div>Ones” principle (one agreed HIV/AIDS action framework, one national AIDS coordinating authority, and </div>
<div>one agreed country-level monitoring and evaluation system) as provided for in WHA59.12 which urges </div><div>for the identification of barriers and strengthening of institutional capacity. </div><div>The Draft HIV/AIDS strategy should inform AIDS coordination and vice versa, with clear links </div>
<div>established between the two. The two items should not be discussed in isolation from one another. </div><div>Intellectual property rights, and the resulting unaffordability of diagnosis and treatment, should </div><div>
be acknowledged as a barrier to reaching the ultimate objective of implementing the Three Ones </div><div>principles. The Draft HIV/AIDS Strategy mentions it, so it should be reflected here as well so that </div><div>coordination efforts could be directed its way (with the UNDP, for example). </div>
<div>According to WHA59.12, the DG is requested to prepare a plan of action for the implementation </div><div>of the recommendations of the Global Task Team, and to provide effective technical support at national</div><div>
level. In the progress report (para. 92), there is mention of a UNAIDS technical support strategy to which </div><div>the WHO has contributed, and is “elaborating a plan to outline WHO’s role and contributions”. Member </div>
<div>States should ask for this plan of action (on WHO’s role and contributions) to be developed and set a </div><div>deadline for this. </div><div>Under the revised UNAIDS division of labour, according to the progress report (para 93), the WHO </div>
<div>continues to lead the health sector response to HIV. However, the report is not clear as to how the </div><div>contribution of the WHO in these areas will see improved coordination among multilateral and </div><div>international bodies, or, better, how such coordination of efforts could strengthen such an exercise. </div>
<div>With regard to monitoring and evaluation, it is not clear whether using the term “improving” the </div><div>performance of Joint UN Teams on AIDS (para. 94 of progress report), entails some monitoring and </div><div>
evaluation mechanism in place (in line with the Task Team recommendations under Accountability and </div><div>Oversight). Developing the capacity of monitoring and evaluation at national level should also be </div><div>covered by technical support activities (covered under para. 92), because it is a crucial element for </div>
<div>sustainability of HIV response. </div><div>The close cooperation between WHO and the GF on technical support issues should not be </div><div>confined to countries who succeed in receiving GF. There are developing countries which are in need of7</div>
<div>technical support, but which often fail the GF “application process”. They should not be deprived of such </div><div>support. </div><div>It has been recognised that access to affordable HIV-related medicines is hampered by the failure </div>
<div>of countries to use safeguards available in the TRIPS agreement (with reference to the Doha Declaration </div><div>in a footnote). However, there is no reference to the failure of the para 6 system of the Doha </div>
<div>Declaration in helping LDCs with no pharmaceutical manufacturing capacity access medicines (CanadaRwanda case), and of its review process at the TRIPS council. The WHO, as the UN organisation </div><div>mandated with health matters, should take the lead on this, rather than WTO on its own. </div>
<div>There is no mention of TRIPS-plus provisions in bilateral trade agreements through which </div><div>developing countries give away their TRIPS safeguards. </div><div>There is a need for technical assistance on health-related IP matters, which should be specified </div>
<div>under the implementation section (Table 6, p. 52), where the WHO collaborates with the UNDP. This is </div><div>being called for at other UN organisations such as WTO and WIPO, and developing member states are </div>
<div>also questioning the content of existing technical assistance programmes provided to developing </div><div>countries. The WHO should take the lead on such health-related discussions, and there is also a need for </div>
<div>more information about specific ways in which the WHO will contribute. </div><div>Under Health financing (p. 27) the draft strategy calls for the adoption of approaches to minimise </div><div>out-of-pocket expenditure, but places mobilisation of donations for adequate funds as a first element,</div>
<div>further reinforcing a vertical donor-centred approach. The immediate interpretation is that prices, </div><div>hence big pharma commercial interests, are not to be negotiated. </div><div>The vertical approach, which is criticised for being unsustainable, should be addressed through </div>
<div>strengthening national capacity, namely health regulatory and legislative capacities. Investing in local </div><div>pharmaceutical manufacturing capacity also provides a sustainable solution away from the vertical </div>
<div>approach. </div><div><br></div><div>4.8 Substandard/spurious/falsely-labelled/falsified/counterfeit medical </div><div>products </div><div><b>Secretariat note</b> </div><div>The Sixty-third World Health Assembly decided, inter alia, in WHA63(10) to establish a time-limited and resultsoriented working group on substandard/spurious/falsely-labelled/falsified/counterfeit medical products. The </div>
<div>outcome of the working group’s meeting held in December will be reported. </div><div><b>PHM Comment </b></div><div>There is an urgent need to ensure disengagement of WHO from the activities of IMPACT. Member </div><div>
state should ensure that WHO’s activities in the medicine areas should focus rational use of medicine </div><div>and strengthening the regulatory capacity of member states to ensure quality, safety and efficacy of </div><div>
medicines instead of IP enforcement. </div><div>We urge member states to expedite the process of convening the working group prior to the </div><div>upcoming WHA. We urge attention to ensure that the appointments process is transparent and free </div>
<div>from conflicts of interest. 8</div><div><br></div><div>4.14 Prevention and control of non-communicable diseases </div><div><b>Secretariat note</b>: </div><div>WHO’s role in the preparation, implementation and follow-up to the highlevel meeting of the United Nations General Assembly on the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases (September 2011) </div>
<div>The United Nations General Assembly decided, inter alia, in resolution A/RES/64/265 to convene a high-level </div><div>meeting on non-communicable diseases in 2011. The resolution requires the Assembly to hold consultations on the </div>
<div>scope, modalities, format and organization of the high-level meeting and requests the Secretary General to submit </div><div>a report to the General Assembly at its Sixty-fifth session on the global status of non-communicable diseases. The </div>
<div>report describes WHO’s plan for participation in and contribution to the preparations for the high level meeting, </div><div>including the co-organization of an international ministerial conference on non-communicable diseases and </div>
<div>healthy lifestyles in Moscow, as well as other implementation activities. Discussion of this topic by the Board also </div><div>forms part of the consultative preparations. </div><div><b>PHM Comment </b></div><div>This report (EB128/17) describes WHO’s preparations for the High Level Meeting on NCDs in </div>
<div>September 2011. </div><div>In the Annex summarizing previous events leading up to this meeting there is no reference to the </div><div>work of the Commission on Social Determinants and Health. The CSDH emphasized the importance of </div>
<div>looking at the equity dimensions as well as the disease process. Clearly there are important equity </div><div>dimension to the incidence and prevalence of NCDs and these variations are closely linked to the social </div>
<div>and environmental factors; not just individual behaviours. </div><div>Clause 9 of the report notes that WHO has organized informal consultations with representatives </div><div>of nongovernmental and civil society organizations and the private sector. PHM is concerned that these</div>
<div>discussions should not be restricted to those NGOs and CSOs which advocate for the prevention and </div><div>treatment of particular disease groups. Having regard to the breadth of issues raised by the equity and </div>
<div>the social determinants dimensions of NCDs it would be appropriate to consult with a broad range of </div><div>NGOs and CSOs whose work is focused on various aspects of equity and social determinants also. </div><div>
We urge that the materials produced for these consultation and the outcomes documents are </div><div>posted on the WHO website. We urge that the regional consultation meetings should be open to a full </div><div>range of NGOs and CSOs. We suggest the mounting of a web based consultation after the release of the </div>
<div>foreshadowed WHO report. </div><div><br></div><div>4.15 Infant and young child nutrition: implementation plan </div><div><b>Secretariat note </b></div><div>The paper presents the outline of a comprehensive implementation plan on infant and young child nutrition and </div>
<div>describes the process for developing the plan as a central component of a global, multisectoral nutrition </div><div>framework, as requested in resolution WHA63.23. </div><div><b>PHM Comment </b></div><div>This is an important area and PHM will be following the development of the implementation plan </div>
<div>closely. We suggest that EB members underline the importance of a transparent consultation process 9</div><div>including the publication on the web of all submissions to the consultation including particularly those </div>
<div>coming from private sector. </div><div><br></div><div>4.16 Child injury prevention </div><div><b>Secretariat note</b> </div><div>The Board discussed the item at its 127th session, including the text of a draft resolution, and agreed to defer </div>
<div>further consideration to its 128th session. The report and the draft resolution are re-presented for consideration. </div><div><b>PHM Comment</b> </div><div>There is no reference to the child injuries and death incurred during wars, military conflict, </div>
<div>political instability and other forms of violence. WHO should recognize the contribution of these factors </div><div>to child ill-health, injury and death. </div><div><br></div><div>4.17 United Nations Decade for Action for Road Safety: draft action plan </div>
<div><b>Secretariat note</b> </div><div>In March 2010, in resolution A/64/255, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the period 2011–2020 as </div><div>the Decade of Action for Road Safety, envisaging a significant role for WHO. The Secretariat report describes the </div>
<div>main elements of a draft plan of action for the Decade. The Board is invited to consider the draft plan. </div><div><b>PHM Comment</b> </div><div>It is not clear that the reference to a draft plan in the Secretariat note is correct. Document </div>
<div>EB128/20 states (para 17) that the Plan has been finalized. </div><div>The ‘finalised’ plan does not give due weight to appropriate urban planning and the reduction in </div><div>the number of automobiles on the roads. This is closely linked to the pressures and processes of </div>
<div>urbanization which were fully explored in the Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of </div><div>Health (to which reference is not made in this draft plan). </div><div><br></div><div>5. The future of financing for WHO </div>
<div><b>Secretariat note</b> </div><div>The Director-General undertook to report to the Board the views of Member States on issues raised following the </div><div>informal consultation on the Future of Financing for WHO in January 2010. The report will synthesize responses to </div>
<div>the web consultation conducted between April and October as well as discussions held during the meetings of the </div><div>Regional Committees in 2010. The January consultation acknowledged that the future of WHO’s financing has to be </div>
<div>based on an understanding of WHO’s changing role and the nature of its core business. The report will therefore </div><div>highlight areas of consensus and divergence in relation to priority setting, core business, and WHO’s governance </div>
<div>role in global health. </div><div><b>PHM Comment</b> </div><div>The WHO faces a financial crisis and its legitimacy is under attack. This paper (EB128/21) and the </div><div>process it foreshadows are to be welcomed. </div>
<div>Funding </div><div>The proportion of voluntary (extra-budgetary) funds relative to assessed contributions (regular </div><div>budget) from Member States continues to increase, raising the concern that priority setting by WHO 10</div>
<div>may be skewed by special interests and that WHO may be unable to fulfill its constitutional mandate </div><div>and respond to the real health needs of populations. </div><div>An analysis of the 2012-2013 proposed budget (EB128/22)</div>
<div>1 reveals low allocations to areas of work relating to root causes of avoidable disease and death</div><div>2 and a strong focus on medicines, diagnostics and other health technologies. </div><div>In the area of communicable diseases, activities are almost exclusively focused on </div>
<div>immunization/vaccination. This is despite the fact that the diseases of poverty - as the name suggest and </div><div>public health history shows - require attention to the meeting of basic needs for health such as food,</div>
<div>water, adequate sanitation and decent housing. </div><div>WHO’s work, as described in EB128/24</div><div>3 focuses overwhelmingly on treatment to the detriment of health promotion, prevention and rehabilitation. Health promotion itself appears to be restricted to individual behavior change while structural causes receive inadequate attention. </div>
<div>We highlight the following statement by the DG in 128/21: </div><div>For this reason, Member States are urged to give serious consideration to the issue of </div><div>increasing assessed contributions and, where appropriate, revisiting national policies that </div>
<div>restrict their growth.</div><div>We suggest that the EB mandate the Secretariat to develop a sustainable financing plan for the </div><div>WHO, to be placed at the next WHA. The plan should be premised on increased assessed </div>
<div>contributions of member states, with a view to securing the independent role of the WHO, its </div><div>continuing and expanded role in providing stewardship to global health issues and to reverse the </div><div>present 20:80 division in WHO’s finances. Such a plan should also propose mechanisms that ensure </div>
<div>that voluntary and donor contributions are not channeled for specified programmes, but are free to </div><div>be used to promote the overall goals of the WHO that are collectively decided upon by member </div><div>states. The plan should also propose a code of conduct on voluntary donations, so as to prevent </div>
<div>conflict of interest between donor priorities and the member state driven agenda of the WHO. </div><div><br></div><div>Core business </div><div>The discussion of core functions represents a significant step back from the Core Functions </div>
<div>outlined in the WHO Constitution, Article 2. The proposition that WHO should withdraw from its </div><div>responsibilities regarding health in development should be opposed. This function is mandated in the </div><div>
Constitution and must be properly addressed. </div><div>PHM believes that the WHO Constitution mandates WHO to take the leadership role with respect </div><div>to the coordination of international decision making on health matters. This should include holding the </div>
<div>large donors to account with respect to the effectiveness and coordination of their technical and </div><div>funding roles. It is not consistent with WHO’s mandate to withhold commentary on the large donors </div><div>
because they also provide tied funds to WHO. </div><div> </div><div>1 Medium Term Strategic Plan 2008-2013 and Proposed Programme Budget 2012-2013 (EB128/24). </div>
<div>2 Strategic Objectives 7, 8 and 9: social and economic determinants of health, healthier environment, and nutrition </div><div>and food safety, respectively.</div><div>3 Programme Budget 2008-2009: performance assessment (EB128/22)11</div>
<div>By way of illustration we cite WHO’s work on the rational use of medicines which attracts virtually </div><div>no funds. In contrast the huge expenditures on pharmaceutical marketing contribute in many ways to </div>
<div>the over-use and inappropriate use of medicines. WHO priorities should not be shaped by the </div><div>availability of funds. </div><div>PHM is concerned about the repeated statements that WHO is a technical body which we take as </div>
<div>code for the withdrawal from a range of contested issues. Health is political as well as technical and</div><div>WHO must accept the responsibility of engaging in the politics of health as well as advising on technical </div>
<div>issues. (Virchow reminds us that ‘medicine is a social science, and politics is nothing else but medicine </div><div>on a large scale’.) </div><div><br></div><div>Mainstreaming cross cutting issues </div><div>PHM is concerned that the ‘mainstreaming’ of ‘cross-cutting issues’ will lead to the neglect of such </div>
<div>issues, partly because there will be no internal champions of such issues. </div><div>The next step will be to implement a corporate approach to mainstreaming cross-cutting issues, such as health </div><div>promotion, gender, human rights and social determinants. These activities are part of core business of WHO, but will </div>
<div>be reflected in work across the Organization, rather than relying on separate departments to champion their cause. </div><div>The neglect of the insights of the Commission on Social Determinants in many of the papers </div>
<div>submitted to this EB meeting illustrates this. Likewise the paper on integrating gender analysis and </div><div>actions into the work of WHO (resolution WHA60.25) focuses entirely on the corporate policies of WHO </div>
<div>and does not consider the huge burden of disease globally which is rooted in gender inequality. </div><div><br></div><div>Staffing </div><div>The discussion of staffing policies in this report is superficial and does not appear to reflect a close </div>
<div>analysis of the kind of workforce required to carry the functions of WHO. We are aware of widespread </div><div>concerns about the prevailing human resource management practices in the secretariat and are </div><div>
concerned that full endorsement of the remarks on staffing contained in this report could further </div><div>damage the capability of WHO. In particular, with the financial crisis facing WHO and the prospect of </div><div>
widespread retrenchments we are apprehensive that WHO will increasingly take its technical advice </div><div>from the private sector or through in-kind ‘donations’ from high income countries. </div><div>Geographical representation </div>
<div>We note the geographical representation policy and the circulating concerns that even while </div><div>achieving geographical representation there has been a practice of recruiting graduates of a small </div><div>number of prestigious universities in a few high income countries. This ensures that the perspectives of </div>
<div>those countries are fully represented even while appearing to meet the geographical representation </div><div>policy. Further we are advised that the widespread use of short term casual staff is in some cases a </div>
<div>device to avoid geographical representation. </div><div><br></div><div>10.1. Control of Leishmaniasis </div><div><b>Secretariat not</b>e </div><div>Document number EB128/33 reports that the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases has </div>
<div>met and updated the two-decade old guidelines on the control of Leishmaniasis. 12</div><div><b>PHM Comment</b> </div><div>The Report by the Secretariat to the 60th World Health Assembly (A60/10 dated 22 March 2007) </div>
<div>makes three crucial points: </div><div>• … the disease is not notifiable or is frequently undiagnosed, especially where there is no access to </div><div>medication. </div><div>• …for cultural reasons and lack of access to treatment, the case-fatality rate is three times higher </div>
<div>in women than in men. </div><div>• The number of cases is increasing, mostly because of gradually more transmission in cities, </div><div>displacement of populations, exposure of people who are not immune, deterioration of social </div>
<div>and economic conditions in outlying urban areas, malnutrition (with consequent weakening of </div><div>the immune system), and coinfection with HIV. </div><div>Leishmaniasis cannot be controlled without addressing these bottlenecks. We suggest that the </div>
<div>Expert Committee review these issues and give specific recommendations to address the three key </div><div>issues highlighted above. We note that the WHO’s Commission on Social Determinants of Health has </div><div>given many wide ranging recommendations which could adapted for addressing these issues. </div>
<div>We request that an updated report be submitted in the upcoming World Health Assembly. </div><div>The Report of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases (WHO Technical </div><div>Report Series, No 949) should be publicly and freely available for dissemination</div>
<div>4 10.2 Progress reports </div><div>10.2 L. Progress in the rational use of medicines (resolution WHA60.16) </div><div>From 1986, there have been 14 resolutions related to rational use of medicines</div><div>5 In spite of very clear policies being in place, majority of countries have yet to tackle rational use of medicines in their </div>
<div>national plans and commit resources as recommended in the resolutions. The WHO database on use of </div><div>medicines in primary care in developing countries and countries in transition for the period 2004–2009, </div>
<div>reveals that only 50% of prescriptions issued in the public sector adhered to clinical guidelines, whereas </div><div>in the private-for-profit sector during the same period prescription adherence was only 30%. </div>
<div>In Resolution WHA60.16 the Director General is urged to strengthen the leadership and evidencebased advocacy role of WHO in promoting rational use of medicines. WHO is also urged to strengthen </div><div>WHO’s technical support to Member States in their efforts to establish or strengthen, where </div>
<div>appropriate, multidisciplinary national bodies for monitoring medicine use, and implementing national </div><div>programmes for the rational use of medicines. The resolution also recommends the strengthening of the </div>
<div>coordination of international financial and technical support for rational use of medicines and to </div><div>promote research for rational medicine use at all levels of the health sector, both public and private. </div>
<div>It is evident from the progress report that the WHO has not invested resources to follow through </div><div>these recommendations. Neglecting the implementation of the resolution will have lasting negative </div><div>
</div><div>4 It is currently a paid publication. See WHO website at </div><div><a href="http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?sesslan=1&codlan=1&codcol=10&codcch=949">http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?sesslan=1&codlan=1&codcol=10&codcch=949</a></div>
<div>5 WHA39.27, WHA41.16, WHA41.17, WHA45.27, WHA45.30, WHA47.13, WHA47.16, WHA43.20, WHA47.12, </div><div>WHA49.14, WHA52.19, WHA51.9, WHA54.11 and WHA60.16 13</div><div>repercussions on public health. For instance- the rational use of antibiotics forms a significant part of the </div>
<div>effort to manage antimicrobial resistance. </div><div>It is not possible to address the rational use of medicines without addressing the pressures for </div><div>irrational and over use of medicines through pharmaceutical marketing. WHO’s inaction suggests that </div>
<div>dependence on assistance from the pharmaceutical industry in certain other areas may have </div><div>discouraged proper attention to this field. </div><div>Likewise we note the continuing pressures from the international financial institutions for the </div>
<div>privatization of health care and note the incentives in privatized health care for over prescribing and </div><div>over servicing and the greater difficulty in regulating these distortions. </div><div>It is apparent that this field has been grossly neglected in terms of both financing and staffing for </div>
<div>at least a decade. We suggest that the EB might ask the DG to prepare report on the implementation of </div><div>WHA60.16 including separately for each item the expenditures, the number of staff are working on the </div>
<div>item; and what has been achieved. </div><div>In closing I reiterate our warm anticipation of perhaps chatting with you during the course of the </div><div>EB meeting. A number of our members will be attending the EB meeting and would be honoured to </div>
<div>chat through some of the above issues with you. </div><div><br></div><div>Yours sincerely </div><div>Hani Serag </div><div>Associate Global Coordinator, People’s Health Movement </div><div><a href="mailto:globalsecretariat@phmovement.org">globalsecretariat@phmovement.org</a></div>