<div>From: "urban jonsson" <<a href="mailto:urban@urbanjonsson.com">urban@urbanjonsson.com</a>>, </div>
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<div>In order to understand the relationship between the MDGs and human rights, both concepts need to be contextualized historically and programmatically. <br> <br>During the last decade two competing development approaches have emerged. First, the Aid Effectiveness Agenda, with demands for increased effectiveness in development cooperation, originally initiated and promoted by the World Bank and articulated in the Aid Effectiveness Agenda at the High Level Forums in Paris (2005) and Accra (2008) and by several OECD / DAC meetings. <br>
<br>Second, the Human Rights Agenda, with its origin in the United Nations Charter and the Univeral Declaration on Human Rights articulated at the Millennium Summit (2000), the United Nations Summit (2005) and in several reports by the Secretary-General to the UN General Assembly. <br>
<br>There is a need to reconcile these two international agendas and many recent efforts have also been made to do that, for example the OECD / DAC concluded in their Action Plan that ‘there is an urgent need to close the gap between the aid effectiveness agenda and the human rights agenda (OECD/DAC (2007), Action-Oriented Policy Paper on Human Rights and Development). <br>
<br>It is important to note that not a single word about human rights is said in the Paris Declaration. However, very soon after the Paris Declaration several NGOs protested against this lack of attention to human rights in the Paris Declaration. The Canadian Council on International Cooperation (CCIC) and Eurodad made a very distinct difference between aid effectiveness and development effectiveness (CCIC (2006), The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness: Donor Commitments and Civil Society, Critiques, CCIC, Backgrounder, May 2006; and CCIC (2008), Accra Agenda for Action: Moving from Aid Effectiveness to Development Effectiveness, CCIC). These can be mutually reinforcing, but they may also be contradictory. Aid effectiveness, for example, does not necessarily result in development effectiveness. <br>
<br>OECD / DAC has tried very hard to reconcile the two Agendas (OECD Working Group on Aid Effectiveness (2008), Aid Effectiveness. A Progress Report on Implementing the Paris Declaration). In a report they concluded that all parties have made commitments to results on key issues such as gender equality, human rights and environmental sustainability (including the MDGs, the Beijing Platform for Action, the Rio Conventions and the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action) and these can be used to improve the results-focus of development activities. It is very clear that human rights principles and standards can be used to define the results to be achieved and the strategies needed to achieve them. This requires equal attention to outcome and process. There is not inherent conflict between results-based management and a focus on human rights. <br>
<br>The conclusion must be that the relationship between the RBM and HRBA depends on how ‘result’ is defined. If result includes both outcome result and process result, there is no contradiction between RBM and HRBA. RBM then becomes an obligatory part of HRBA.<br>
<br>The recognition of the construction of development as an outcome and process is important and provides the basis for the construction of a human rights-based approach (HRBA) to development by identifying desirable outcomes with human rights standards (e.g. the first seven MDGs) and the legitimacy of the process with human rights principles (e.g. equality, participation etc.).<br>
<br>The case from Nepal, described so eloquently by Heather Bryant, represents a wonderful example of the outcome / process construct, or that the ‘aim does not legitimize the means’. <br> <br>In September 2009, the OECD / DAC issued Draft Guiding Principles for Human Rights and Aid Effectiveness (OECD/DAC (2009), Draft Guiding Principles for human Rights and Aid Effectiveness, September 2009). The Guidelines suggests three human rights-based opportunities for strengthening aid effectiveness: (1) ensure that human rights are central to the objectives of development; (2) use human rights as a basis for building more effective and inclusive partnerships for development at international, national and local levels; and (3) ensure that development policies and programmes are designed and implemented in ways that are consistent with agreed international commitments on human rights, gender equality, disability and environmental sustainability. This consensus suggests a strong commitment by donor agencies to address the achievement of the MDGs within the context of the Millennium Declaration, which stipulates human rights criteria for the process to achieve the desirable MDGs. <br>
<br>But what happened with all this new insight, consensus and commitment to address and monitor both outcome and process? In 2004, Philip Alston was asked by Geoffrey Sachs to review the annual country MDG reports (Alston, P. (2004) “A Human Rights Perspective on the MDGs”, Paper prepared as a contribution to the work of the Millennium Project Task Force on Poverty and Economic Development). His critical report was not accepted by the Millennium Project and he then published an edited version of it in Human Rights Quarterly (Alston, P. (2005), Ships Passing in the Night: The Current State of the Human Rights and Development Debate seen through the Lens of the Millennium Development Goals Human Rights Quarterly - Volume 27, Number 3, August 2005, pp. 755-829) . He found in his review that almost no annual MDG report contained anything on human rights, or any other aspects of the process, and strongly recommended that people working in development and people working with human rights should start talking to each other to find a way to better work together in achieving the MDGs. <br>
<br>How could this MDG Reductionism happen? Why does it continue to happen? Let us look at a few common misunderstandings of the Millennium Declaration. <br> <br>First, very few people in development seem to be aware of the fact that only 8 out of the 43 Goals were included in the list of MDGs. Seven of the eight MDGs reflect outcomes, and very few are talking about MDG 8. In conclusion, all MDGs that most agencies and governments are trying to achieve represent desirable outcomes. The Millennium Declaration (MD) is simply not appreciated as the major human rights document since the Vienna Conference 1993. In the Millennium Declaration it is stated that world leaders have a ‘collective responsibility to uphold the principles of human dignity, equality and equity at the global level’ (para.2); ‘…respect human rights and fundamental freedoms for the equal rights of all’ (para. 4); and, ‘We are committed to making the right to development a reality for everyone and freeing the entire human race from want’ (para. 11). All reflecting a strong demand for human rights-based processes to achieve the MDGs. <br>
<br>This uncritical focus on outcomes only was criticized by the former Secretary – General, Kofi Annan, who in an email to Mark Malloch Brown, then Administrator of UNDP had said ‘Kofi Annan had recently chided me and others for concentrating so much on the eight MDGs that we forget that they are part of the Millennium Declaration which calls for very strongly for democracy and human rights as the route to achieving the goals’.<br>
<br>The risk of a blind focus on the MDGs out of context of the Millennium Declaration was recognized already at the Stamford meeting in 2003 (which issued the UN Common Understanding on a Human Rights-Based Approach to Development Cooperation) which was summarized in the report as ‘there is a concern that, taken in isolation, the MDGs might lead us back into a technocratic (input / output) approach to development’. The real issue is therefore whether the achievement of a desirable outcome as a genuine human rights realization OR just a privilege (i.e. there is no mechanism for the right-holder to enforce the right). <br>
<br>There is an urgent need to stop the ‘MDG Reductionism’ and replace it with the full implementation of the Millennium Declaration, with equal commitment, emphasis and monitoring of both Outcome and Process. <br> <br>A second serious mistake, or maybe even a deliberate effort to confuse, is the fact that although from the very beginning it was clear that the MDGs are referring to global averages, the World Bank and all UN agencies promoted the acceptance of the global MDGs as national goals. The global MDGs were calculated as the predicted result of 25 years from the base-year 1990 if the trends continued to be the same as the previous 25 years. This of course means that different countries would continue to develop at different speed. It is therefore nonsense to talk about “how can Mozambique achieve the (global) MDGs” or ranking countries according to percentage achievement of the (global) MDGs”. The fact is that the (global) MDGs can very well be achieved with some countries getting worse off than 15 years ago. This is why many statements do not make much sense, like “We do understand that most African countries will not meet the 2015 targets. We still have a long way to go until the MDGs are met in Africa” (Bob McMullan, MP, Australia); or “Africa is the only region in the world where not even a single country is on the track. We must help those countries so that they can join on the track” (Ban Ki moon, May 2009).<br>
<br>Finally, from a human rights perspective there is a very important difference between ‘promise’ and ‘obligation’. A ‘promise’ can be broken at any time without any repercussions, so often seen with the use of basic needs approaches. After the 1990 World Summit for Children, where the majority of world leaders committed themselves and their countries to improve the situation of children, UNICEF launched the journal “Keeping the Promise”. The publication of this journal ceased when it was clear that most leaders would not ‘keep their promises’. Ratification of international human rights treaties, however, does not mean ‘promises’, but entails an obligation according to international law. <br>
<br>With this well known distinction, it was quite surprising to read the title of the recently issued General Assembly report, referred to in this discussion, “Keeping the Promise: A Forward-looking review to promote an agreed action agenda to achieve the MDGs by 2015”. We are back to a world in which the leaders of the world only need to ‘promise’, not to be held accountable for the non-realization of human rights. And by avoiding any talk about the process, unpleasant ideological and political aspects of the process, including equality, non-discrimination and participation, can continue to be avoided.</div>
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