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<div class="gmail_quote">From: <b class="gmail_sendername">Ruggiero, Mrs. Ana Lucia (WDC)</b> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:ruglucia@paho.org">ruglucia@paho.org</a>></span><br>crossposted from: <a href="mailto:EQUIDAD@listserv.paho.org">EQUIDAD@listserv.paho.org</a><br>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="maroon" size="3" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: maroon; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Neonatal, postneonatal, childhood, and under-5 mortality for 187 countries, <br>
1970—2010: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="maroon" size="3" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: maroon; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><br></span></font></b><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Julie Knoll Rajaratnam PhD a, Jake R Marcus BA a, Abraham D Flaxman PhD a, Haidong Wang PhD a, Alison Levin-Rector BSPH a, Laura Dwyer BA a, Megan Costa BA a, Prof Alan D Lopez PhD b, Prof Christopher JL Murray MD a <br>
</span></font><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 8pt">a Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 8pt">b School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia<br>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 24 May 2010 -- </span></font></b><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 8pt">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60703-9<br>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Website: <a href="http://bit.ly/cAXevh" target="_blank"><font color="navy"><span style="COLOR: navy">http://bit.ly/cAXevh</span></font></a> <br>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">“….Previous assessments have highlighted that less than a quarter of countries are on track to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4), which calls for a two-thirds reduction in mortality in children younger than 5 years between 1990 and 2015. In view of policy initiatives and investments made since 2000, it is important to see if there is acceleration towards the MDG 4 target. We assessed levels and trends in child mortality for 187 countries from 1970 to 2010.<br>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Methods</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">We compiled a database of 16 174 measurements of mortality in children younger than 5 years for 187 countries from 1970 to 2009, by use of data from all available sources, including vital registration systems, summary birth histories in censuses and surveys, and complete birth histories. We used Gaussian process regression to generate estimates of the probability of death between birth and age 5 years. This is the first study that uses Gaussian process regression to estimate child mortality, and this technique has better out-of-sample predictive validity than do previous methods and captures uncertainty caused by sampling and non-sampling error across data types. Neonatal, postneonatal, and childhood mortality was estimated from mortality in children younger than 5 years by use of the 1760 measurements from vital registration systems and complete birth histories that contained specific information about neonatal and postneonatal mortality.<br>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Findings</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Worldwide mortality in children younger than 5 years has dropped from 11·9 million deaths in 1990 to 7·7 million deaths in 2010, consisting of 3·1 million neonatal deaths, 2·3 million postneonatal deaths, and 2·3 million childhood deaths (deaths in children aged 1—4 years). 33·0% of deaths in children younger than 5 years occur in south Asia and 49·6% occur in sub-Saharan Africa, with less than 1% of deaths occurring in high-income countries. Across 21 regions of the world, rates of neonatal, postneonatal, and childhood mortality are declining. The global decline from 1990 to 2010 is 2·1% per year for neonatal mortality, 2·3% for postneonatal mortality, and 2·2% for childhood mortality. In 13 regions of the world, including all regions in sub-Saharan Africa, there is evidence of accelerating declines from 2000 to 2010 compared with 1990 to 2000. Within sub-Saharan Africa, rates of decline have increased by more than 1% in Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, and The Gambia.<br>
<br><b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Interpretation</span></b></span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Robust measurement of mortality in children younger than 5 years shows that accelerating declines are occurring in several low-income countries. These positive developments deserve attention and might need enhanced policy attention and resources.</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br><b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Funding </span></b>Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.<br>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN"> </span></font></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="maroon" size="3" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: maroon; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Supplementary webappendix</span></font></b></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="maroon" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: maroon; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><a href="http://download.thelancet.com/mmcs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140673610607039/mmc1.pdf?id=4d037fefcb72946c:1d94ae93:128d01481a2:7d301274806800829" target="_blank"><font color="maroon"><span style="COLOR: maroon">PDF </span></font></a><span><font color="maroon"><span style="COLOR: maroon">(4163K)</span></font></span></span></font></b></p>
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