<div class="gmail_quote">From: <b class="gmail_sendername">Ruggiero, Mrs. Ana Lucia (WDC)</b> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:ruglucia@paho.org">ruglucia@paho.org</a>></span><br>crossposted from: <a href="mailto:EQUIDAD@listserv.paho.org">EQUIDAD@listserv.paho.org</a><br>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="maroon" size="3" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: maroon; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">The Health Impact Fund: Making Medicines Accessible for All<br>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><i><font color="navy" size="2" face="Optima"><span style="FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Optima; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">A Report of </span></font></i><i><font color="navy" size="2" face="Optima-Italic"><span style="FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Optima-Italic; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Incentives for Global Health</span></font></i><b><i><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></span></font></i></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br><b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Aidan Hollis and Thomas Pogge – Lead authors<br>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Available online PDF [152p.] at: <a href="http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/igh/hif_book.pdf" target="_blank"><font color="navy"><span style="COLOR: navy">http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/igh/hif_book.pdf</span></font></a> <br>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Corrections and Supplements November 2009 <a href="http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/igh/files/HIF_supplementsNov09.pdf" target="_blank"><font color="navy"><span style="COLOR: navy">http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/igh/files/HIF_supplementsNov09.pdf</span></font></a> <br>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">‘……The chief problems with the present system governing the development and distribution of medicines are well known: despite relatively low manufacturing costs, patented medicines are often very expensive and are therefore unaffordable for most people; and diseases concentrated among the poor attract little or no pharmaceutical research. As a result of both factors, the disease burden among the poor is, avoidably, very high. Many diseases of the poor are communicable and expose all of humanity to the risk of new and virulent strains. These problems are further aggravated: by patients who, often deterred by high prices, fail to complete a full course of treatment; by lack of access to competent medical staff who would ensure that medicines are taken correctly; and by counterfeiters, often attracted by high prices, who may dilute a medicine’s active ingredients.<br>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">In addition, competitive marketing and litigation costs reduce the return from innovation, and make it a less attractive investment. Each of these problems has provoked ideas and initiatives by academics, NGOs, governments, and international agencies. By supporting both innovation and real access, the Health Impact Fund extends the best of these ideas into one comprehensive, unified solution that makes substantial progress toward a rational system of developing and distributing worldwide the pharmaceuticals we all need……”<br>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Preface </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Contents </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Executive Summary </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">1. The Health Impact Fund: A Summary Overview </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">2. Reward Mechanism </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">3. Health Impact Measurement </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">4. Governance and Administration </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">5. Financing the Health Impact Fund </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">6. A Moral Argument for Creating the Health Impact Fund </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">7. The Last Mile Problem </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt">What Is the Last Mile Problem? </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Pharmaceutical Companies, the Health Impact Fund, and the Last Mile Problem </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">8. An Economic Analysis of Patents and the Health Impact Fund </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="2" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">9. Alternative and Complementary Solutions </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Governmental and Non-governmental Direct Purchases </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Drug Price Reduction Efforts </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Patent pools </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Push Mechanisms </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Pull Mechanisms </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">10. The Health Impact Fund: A Cost-effective, Feasible Plan for Improving Human Health Worldwide </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt">The Need for Change </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt">How the Health Impact Fund Works for Patients </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt">How the Health Impact Fund Works for Pharmaceutical Companies </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt">How the Health Impact Fund Works for Taxpayers </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Why for Pharmaceuticals? And Why Now? </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt">The Path Forward </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Appendix A: Poverty, Global Health, and Essential Medicines </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt">The Disease Burden in Developing Countries </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Appendix B: Pharmaceutical Markets and Innovation </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Global Pharmaceutical Markets </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1in" class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Insurance and Pricing </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Notes on Quotations </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in" class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="navy" size="1" face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><a href="http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/igh/" target="_blank"><font color="navy"><span style="COLOR: navy">References <br>
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