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<div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Human Rights Reader 224</span></div>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">THE DILEMMA IN HUMAN RIGHTS WORK: WHEN ARE SERVICE DELIVERY, CAPACITY BUILDING, ADVOCACY AND SOCIAL MOBILIZATION REALLY EMPOWERING?</span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 3in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Disclaimer:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 3in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">i) The empowerment of some entails the dis-empowerment of others --usually the current holders of power.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 3in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">ii) Empowering people can well trigger repressive actions by these current holders of power. </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Empowerment is a continuous process; it provides people with choices and the ability to choose; it expands the 'political-manouvering-space' in and of a community.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">1. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">In the delivery of services, empowering means, or is, or are actions that tend towards:</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Making sure the provision of services is gender-sensitive and culture-sensitive.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Using existing local human resources.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">De-facto incorporating community representatives in the decision- making process about the services to be or already being delivered.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Basing the training of staff importantly on the Human Rights Framework; making training competence-based and in-service, and aiming it at behavioral change, as well as always following training up with regular support supervision.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Making sure beneficiaries cease to be passive recipients of services and demand responsibility for themselves; for this, they need to get trained in human rights (HR) and to take an active role in both the decision-making process and in the delivery mechanisms (including management issues).</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">2. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">In capacity building, empowering means, or is, or are actions that tend towards:</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Through the use of the HR Framework, enabling individuals/communities to continuously upgrade their ability to analyze and understand their situation, i.e., people themselves collecting, interpreting and using information for action.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Also sharing with them the Conceptual Framework of the causes of their problems that categorizes these causes by level, i.e., immediate, underlying and basic/structural causes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Exposing people to relevant information, especially about the UN HR covenants that guarantee their rights, about international HR law and about the real causes behind their problems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>(Includes warning people about the 'misinformation' they are exposed-to so as to replace it).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Raising people's social and political consciousness so that their claims are legitimized. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Changing people's perception of their potential to forge a new reality where HR become a way of life.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Increasing people's awareness of what in the prevailing social system is ‘unfair’ to them.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Building growing networks and constituencies for the spread of people's rights-based strategies.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Emphasizing the provision of practical skills that lead to community ownership of the interventions undertaken. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Giving high priority to overall literacy and to HR literacy, especially for women and girls. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Boosting women's negotiation capabilities and thus their self-confidence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Raising consciousness about the natural environment (i.e., “the </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">rights of nature or Earth Rights”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">).</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Emphasizing the training of local leaders; teaching<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>them to carry out HR impact assessments and social and political mappings that point to the current power structure in the control of resources; teaching them to carry out decision audits (about who currently makes what decisions). [For example, they need to find out who decides what training is given to community animators/’validators’ that are supposed to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>act as our local strategic allies to introduce the HR Framework in the community]. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Giving people a better income capacity by creating new<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>employment opportunities and democratizing access to credit, as well as setting up income generation activities for women.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Providing people with access to available support systems including the capacity to seek redress when denouncing HR violations to appropriate and relevant existing bodies.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Building the ‘mental preparedness’ for social mobilization, i.e., preparing people to press-on with needed claiming, needed advocacy and effective lobbying.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">3. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">In advocacy, empowering means, or is, or are actions that tend towards:</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Using the appropriate persuading methods when dealing with duty-bearers at different levels.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Increasing people's de-facto claims to demand access to quality services.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Emphasizing work on measures to eradicate poverty. (what we are really talking about here is ‘<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">disparity reduction</b> measures'). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Going all-out to demand more economic justice and making every effort to decrease the skewedness in the distribution of income and wealth.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Advancing actions that decrease the workload of women and give them options for birth spacing.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Promoting the shifting of the explicit control of resources more to women.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Promoting a more local control of resources. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Addressing minority equity issues, including those of migrants.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Demanding active people's participation in informed decision-making.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Raising people's consciousness about what their HR are and translating them into specific claims.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">4. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">In social mobilization, empowering means, or is, or are actions that tend towards:</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Going from people's felt needs to concrete demands and from these to making specific claims so they can actively struggle for their rights (i.e., mobilizing their social power).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Mobilizing people's own resources as needed.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Organizing people to effectively use and progressively control external resources.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Networking with others to achieve a critical mass of concerned people (locally and externally) and, in the process, building coalitions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Collectively identifying the problems at hand, placing them in the Conceptual Framework of Causality, and searching for the best solutions for implementation at the three (immediate, underlying and basic) levels. [Acting at one level or at one main cause only may be considered necessary, but is NOT sufficient].</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Giving people power over decisions thus increasing their self-esteem and self-confidence.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Increasing local democracy, with people (especially women) participating more actively and vocally in local government.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Decentralizing decision-making, including shifting control of finances to the local sphere, i.e., a genuine devolution of power.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">5. Here, then, you have a non-exhaustive list of the challenges you face when<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>you, sometimes lightly, speak about empowering the people and groups you work with. You can use it as a preliminary checklist…</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Claudio Schuftan, Ho Chhi Minh City</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><a href="mailto:cschuftan@phmovement.org"><font color="#0000ff">cschuftan@phmovement.org</font></a> </span></p>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">[The full set of Human Rights Readers can be found in <a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/aviva"><font color="#0000ff">www.humaninfo.org/aviva</font></a> under No. 69].</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"></span> </div>