<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">From: <b class="gmail_sendername">Vern Weitzel</b> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:vern.weitzel@gmail.com">vern.weitzel@gmail.com</a>></span><br>crossposted from: "[health-vn discussion group]" <a href="mailto:health-vn@anu.edu.au">health-vn@anu.edu.au</a><br>
<br><a href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2009/06/14/us_faces_global_health_aid_dilemma/" target="_blank">http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2009/06/14/us_faces_global_health_aid_dilemma/</a><br>
<br><br>US faces global health aid dilemma<br>Strategy sought to make best use of spending<br>By James F. Smith, Globe Staff | June 14, 2009<br><br>President George W. Bush scored major advances in his administration's worldwide<br>
campaign against AIDS. In fact, some critics say he was so successful that other<br>dire needs in poor countries were squeezed out by the relentess American focus<br>on AIDS.<br><br>Balancing the still-critical AIDS crisis against the many other Third World<br>
problems is just one of the dilemmas confronting President Obama as he redefines<br>the American role in Third World health and development.<br><br>The Obama administration believes it can leverage Bush's successes into an<br>
assault against a much broader array of diseases that afflict poor countries.<br><br>Deputy Secretary of State Jack Lew, who is leading a State Department review of<br>development strategy, says the same health delivery systems that the United<br>
States has built to treat more than 3 million HIV/AIDS patients should also be<br>used to treat mothers and children with common, but deadly, ailments.<br><br>"It's not glamorous to treat diarrheal diseases in small children, but we know<br>
it saves a lot of lives," he said. "If you've got somebody who's coming into a<br>facility that treats mothers with antiretroviral drugs, you've already got the<br>capacity to treat their children. . . . If the capacity is there, it ought to be<br>
relatively easy to expand the scope of services provided."<br><br>Bush concentrated US global health spending on AIDS and two other diseases,<br>tuberculosis and malaria. He set up agencies to drive those programs, and poured<br>
in funding - $18.8 billion over five years - concentrated in 15 countries where<br>AIDS was especially devastating, mainly in Africa.<br><br>Bush's critics complain that he tied more US development aid to national<br>
security policy than ever before. In their view, he pushed too much foreign aid<br>money toward Iraq and Afghanistan for short-term geopolitical goals, at the<br>expense of poverty relief and development in other countries that will pay off<br>
in better security down the road.<br><br>As a candidate, Obama pledged to double US foreign aid and to elevate<br>development to the same level as diplomacy and defense. That raised hopes in the<br>development community of major changes in direction, including a reduced role<br>
for the Pentagon.<br><br>President Obama last month announced a global health initiative that will<br>increase funding next year by $460 million, to $8.6 billion. He pledged a total<br>of $63 billion over six years, vowing to keep up the AIDS, tuberculosis, and<br>
malaria campaigns, "while increasing and enhancing our efforts to combat<br>diseases that claim the lives of 26,000 children each day."<br><br>Those amounts would still fall well short of the Institute of Medicine's<br>
recommendation last month of an increase to $15 billion a year for global health<br>aid alone.<br><br>The budget is just one source of the frustration among those agitating for Obama<br>and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton to take ambitious steps.<br>
<br>"There's a lot of confusion in Washington at this point," said Raymond C.<br>Offenheiser, president of Boston-based Oxfam America. "We see Secretary Clinton<br>making speeches, and very compelling speeches, about the importance of effective<br>
development, of building civilian capacity and supporting rural development in<br>many regions of the world, and the importance of poverty alleviation. The<br>problem is we just haven't seen that translated into specific commitments."<br>
<br>It's amid this high-stakes debate that Dr. Paul Farmer, the Third World health<br>pioneer from Harvard Medical School and cofounder of Boston-based Partners in<br>Health, is being considered for a top administration position. No one is talking<br>
publicly, but the speculation is that Farmer may be tapped either to lead the US<br>Agency for International Development or to take a White House role directing all<br>American global aid.<br><br>Just about everyone agrees on the need to revitalize USAID, which was created in<br>
1961 as part of President John F. Kennedy's first-year surge in global<br>development programs.<br><br>Laurie Garrett, a global health specialist at the Council on Foreign Relations,<br>says USAID has gone from an organization that had more than 4,000 agronomists,<br>
hydrologists, and other experts on staff in 1980 to just over half that size. It<br>now relies heavily on contractors to deliver services abroad.<br><br>As USAID services were privatized and outsourced, more development programs were<br>
shifted to other departments, notably the Pentagon. The security component of<br>foreign aid has risen steadily since Sept. 11, 2001, with the Pentagon now<br>channeling about 22 percent of all US foreign aid - up from 3.54 percent in<br>
1998, Garrett noted in a study published by the council in January.<br><br>In 2006, USAID was effectively folded into the State Department. As Offenheiser<br>put it, the Bush administration knocked down the wall between diplomacy and<br>
development.<br><br>Senator John Kerry, the Massachusetts Democrat who chairs the Foreign Relations<br>Committee, says the US foreign aid program is awash in over 150 policy<br>directives and goals. "When you prioritize everything, nothing is a priority,"<br>
Kerry said in a speech last month at the Brookings Institution.<br><br>"Right now, while 60 percent of our foreign aid goes to 10 countries for<br>political/military, counternarcotics, and HIV/AIDS, the other 40 percent is<br>
spread thin in 140-plus countries," Kerry said. "We need a more balanced<br>approach, and a comprehensive development strategy to determine which agency is<br>in charge, what we hope to achieve, and how best to accomplish our goals."<br>
<br>An audit done for Republican Senator Richard Lugar found that in some countries<br>where the president's AIDS relief program is very active, doctors and nurses are<br>being drawn into HIV/AIDS care "at the expense of primary and maternal health,<br>
[leading to] the unintended consequence of weakening a country's overall health<br>infrastructure."<br><br>Nonprofit groups say the Bush administration's priorities left other needs<br>unattended.<br><br>"Africa is covered with HIV/AIDS money, but they're facing a global food crisis<br>
and we don't have a strategy for it," Offenheiser said. Kenya is facing a major<br>governance crisis, but most US development assistance there goes to AIDS, he<br>noted. In Rwanda, where less than 3 percent of the population is HIV-positive,<br>
two-thirds of US assistance there is for AIDS, Garrett noted in her study.<br><br>Lew said the administration recognizes that the scattered US foreign assistance<br>programs need better coordination and longer-term planning. Lew argues that the<br>
ambassador in each country should take on more authority directing all US aid<br>programs.<br><br>"We're taking the view that even with the current structure, and assuming you<br>didn't change any of the laws, there's an enormous coordination of programs that<br>
ought to be happening at country level, where we really ought to see our<br>ambassadors as true chiefs of mission, not just in title, but as CEOs who have<br>the ability to look across all the programs and manage more effectively," Lew said.<br>
<br>However, Maurice Middleberg, a policy analyst at the influential Global Health<br>Council in Washington, argues for an arm's-length relationship between the State<br>Department and global development.<br><br>He notes that diplomacy is often crisis-driven and based on geopolitical<br>
interests. Those aren't always the same as the need for social and economic<br>development in a country or region.<br><br>"There needs to be a loud and clear voice for development," Middleberg said.<br>"I'm not sure the ambassador is the right person."<br>
<br>But most agree that action is needed to make effective use of US money.<br><br>Garrett wrote in her report: "US programs continue to operate through legislated<br>stovepipes, putting resources and cash into efforts, regardless of - and often<br>
in opposition to - the primary needs on the ground in recipient countries. . . .<br>All too often, foreign assistance increases dependency, and aims at the wrong<br>targets."<br></div>