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<div class="gmail_quote">From: <b class="gmail_sendername">PHM Global Secretariat</b> <span dir="ltr"><a href="mailto:secretariat@phmovement.org">secretariat@phmovement.org</a></span><br><br>
<div dir="ltr">From: <b class="gmail_sendername">Sangeeta</b> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:sangeeta@thirdworldnetwork.net" target="_blank">sangeeta@thirdworldnetwork.net</a>></span>
<div class="gmail_quote"><br>Third World Network<br><br><b>PRESS RELEASE: IGM on Pandemic Influenza Preparedness fails to resolve critical elements</b><br>18 May 2009<br><br>Governments at the World Health Organisation have failed to agree on a framework that guarantees affected countries access to affordable anti-virals and vaccines during a pandemic, and access to the technology and know-how needed to build research, development and production capacity.<br>
<br>While some progress was made on some elements of the framework at the Intergovernmental Meeting (IGM) on Pandemic Influenza Preparedness that ended on Saturday 16 May 2009 in the WHO headquarters in Geneva, crucial components for a transparent, fair and equitable virus and benefit-sharing framework remain unresolved.<br>
<br>One critical component is the Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA) that was earlier agreed to be a component of the framework but is now objected to by several developed countries in particular the United States.<br>
<br>Material transfer agreements are commonly used for the transfer of biological materials. It is a contractual agreement between the providers and the recipients of biological materials and sets out the terms of use of the biological materials provided and benefit sharing obligations. In the case of the IGM a standard agreement is proposed wherein the form and content of the SMTA is negotiated by WHO members. In this way every transfer of biological materials will be subject to the same terms and conditions, without any further negotiations.<br>
<br>Having a SMTA as part of the framework is central to the successful implementation of any global framework on virus and benefit sharing.<br><br>The IGM negotiations can only be called successful if there is a framework (including the SMTA) that contains benefit-sharing elements that assures affected countries (in particular developing countries) that they will have sufficient and affordable anti-virals and vaccines to treat their populations.<br>
<br>Limited availability of vaccines requires a strategy for equitable distribution of the vaccines in preparing for a pandemic and during the pandemic period, and the WHO framework and SMTA must deliver on such a strategy.<br>
<br>The IGM negotiations must also provide mechanisms for the sharing of intellectual property rights (IP).<br><br>While countries are requested to give up on their sovereign rights over the biological materials, a right recognised under the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, manufactuers are unwilling to share their intellectual property protected technology and know-how.<br>
<br>Latest technologies and know-how such as adjuvants and cell lines for vaccine production are covered by patents and other IPRs. For example several adjuvants (substances added to a vaccine in order to enhance its immunological effect, thus reducing the amount of antigen needed per vaccines dose, thus its importance during a pandemic) are proprietary e.g.<br>
MF 59 is owned by Novartis; AS03 is owned by GSK; AF03 is owned by Sanofi Aventis; biotechnological adjuvants are owned by companies such as Juventus, Intercell etc.<br><br>Furthermore, except for egg-based Śclassicą flu vaccines which has few IPR impediments (except where proprietary adjuvants are used), newer vaccine producing technologies have or will have extensive intellectual property protection. The new technologies include cell-culture produced vaccines, live attenuated (LAIV) and second generation biotech vaccines, (e.g. virus<br>
like particles, DNA vaccines). The scope of protection includes patents on cell lines and production systems, trade secrets on the safety profile of cell lines and other formulations.<br><br>Experience from SARS and avian flu shows that recipients of biological materials such as WHO laboratories and commercial entities often claim patents over the biological materials received and parts thereof as well as their specific uses.<br>
<br>For example in 2008, an international patent application surfaced in which the US Centres for Disease Control (CDC) and US National Institutes of Health claimed ownership of certain Indonesian influenza virus genes. The US CDC is a WHO collaborating centre but applied for a patent for a new vaccine against influenza, particularly for bird flu (H5N1). The vaccine<br>
incorporates genes from a H5N1 strain isolated from an Indonesian human victim of bird flu in 2005. The strain that contains the genes was transferred to the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network by Indonesia for characterization for public health purposes, but may wind up as the property of the US government.<b>[1]</b> The patent application also claims similar vaccines that incorporate genes of flu viral strains from Thailand (A/Thailand/1(KAN-1)/04) and A/Ck/Thailand/1/04), Hong Kong (A/Hong Kong/156/97) and South Korea (A/Ck/Korea/ES/03).<br>
<br>In addition to the US CDC, there is evidence that another US-based WHO Collaborating Centre, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, has improperly capitalized on its WHO status in order to make proprietary claims.<b>[2]</b><br>
<br>Without a system that delivers on concrete fair and equitable benefit-sharing and identifies mechanisms to overcome the intellectual property barriers, developing countries are likely to be left without sufficient or affordable vaccines or treatments since the companies making<br>
them are located in developed countries which would want to ensure the scarce supplies are given to their own people first.<br><br><b>Since the start of the WHO IGM process, several measures on benefit sharing have been proposed by developing countries including:</b> <br>
<ul>
<li>Obligating (through SMTA) commercial entities that receive virus samples to contribute a portion of its production to WHO stockpiles and to reserve a portion of vaccines and anti-virals for developing countries and make them available at reasonable costs;</li>
<li>Obligating provision of royalty-free licenses to entities in developing countries to use IP protected technology and know-how to enable vaccine and anti-viral production manufacturing in those countries;</li>
<li>Obligating commercial entities to contribute a portion of their profits to a fund, which could be used for purchasing the needed vaccines or anti-virals as well as building manufacturing and other relevant capacity in developing countries.<br>
</li></ul><b>On measures to overcome patent and other IPR barriers there are the following proposals:</b> <br>
<ul>
<li>that recipients (i.e WHO centres as well as the private sector) of virus samples should not claim patents over the samples or parts thereof.</li>
<li>that recipients of virus samples that are designated as WHO centres i.e. as WHO Collaborating Centre, H5 Reference Laboratory or as Essential Regulatory Laboratory should not claim patents over products or processes developed using biological materials</li>
<li>that recipients of virus samples that are commercial entities should not claim patents over products or processes developed using biological materials or alternatively should grant on request royalty free licenses to developing countries.<br>
</li></ul>We believe that the above proposals should be a part of the framework and SMTA for virus and benefit sharing and will go a long way to ensure that developing countries will have access to affordable anti-virals and vaccines and the appropriate technology to make such products.<br>
<br><i>For more information please contact:</i><br>Sangeeta Shashikant<br>Representative Geneva Office<br>Third World Network<br>Mobile: +41 (0) 78 757 2331<br>Office: +41 (0) 22 908 3550<br>Email: <a href="mailto:sangeeta@thirdworldnetwork.net" target="_blank">sangeeta@thirdworldnetwork.net</a><br>
<br><br><b>[1] See <a href="http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/health.info/2008/twnhealthinfo20080804.htm" target="_blank">http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/health.info/2008/twnhealthinfo20080804.htm</a><br><br>[2] See <a href="http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/avian.flu/papers/patent.paper.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/avian.flu/papers/patent.paper.pdf</a></b> <br>
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