<div><br> From: "David Woodward" <a href="mailto:David.Woodward@neweconomics.org">David.Woodward@neweconomics.org</a><br><br>Please find herbelow a commentary on the leaked draft G20 Communique, which I've written for EG4Health. Hopefully it should be on the EG4Health web-site (<a href="http://www.eg4health.org">www.eg4health.org</a> <<a href="http://www.eg4health.org/">http://www.eg4health.org/</a>> ) shortly.<br>
<br>To give you a flavour:<br>"The draft G20 Communiqué leaked yesterday recognises explicitly, in its opening paragraph, that "A global crisis requires a global solution". But at no point does it recognise any need for a global process to decide what that global solution should be. The G20 members appear determined that they, and they alone, should determine the future course of the global economy - and that it should be designed to protect their financial interests, with only token efforts to limit the damage to the rest of the world. They are trying to seize control of the global economy; but in doing so, they are amply demonstrating why they must not be allowed to succeed."<br>
<br>Please forward this to anyone who might be interested - and you're very welcome to post it on relevant web-sites, too (provided EG4Health is duly acknowledged).<br><br> </div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Seizing the Wheel, and Crashing the Car – </font></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Reflections on the G20 Draft Communiqué</font></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">David Woodward, </font><a href="http://www.eg4health.org/"><font face="Times New Roman">Economic Governance for Health (EG4H)</font></a></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">1 April 2009</font></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">The draft G20 Communiqué leaked yesterday recognises explicitly, in its opening paragraph, that “A global crisis requires a global solution”. But at no point does it recognise any need for a global <b>process</b> to decide what that global solution should be. The G20 members appear determined that they, and they alone, should determine the future course of the global economy – and that it should be designed to protect their financial interests, with only token efforts to limit the damage to the rest of the world. They are trying to seize control of the global economy; but in doing so, they are amply demonstrating why they must not be allowed to succeed. </font></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">The publication by The Financial Times of the latest draft of the G20 Communiqué is a welcome development – although it would be rather more welcome if it had been released officially as a recognition of the need for greater transparency, rather than (presumably) leaked by a member country in the hope of influencing the outcome of a meeting behind closed doors.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">The draft raises a number of reasons for serious concern, not only about what G20 members propose to do in response to the crisis, but also about the role of G20 itself.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span lang="EN-GB">The OTHER Dog that Didn’t Bark - </span></i><span lang="EN-GB">What the Communiqué <i>DOESN’T</i> Say<i></i></span></font></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">What is in the Communiqué has been widely reported – as has the apparent absence of commitments to further “stimulus” packages. (This particular omission is ironic: it may be open to question whether further “stimulus” measures would be a good idea, but coordination of their own macroeconomic policies is one of the few areas in which the exclusive club of the G20, which has no mandate beyond its member countries, has any legitimate role.)</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">Another conspicuous silence of the Communiqué has been much less commented upon. <b><i>At no point in the entire document is there any reference to support for, or even the existence of, the global process for reform of the global economic system established by the United Nations.</i></b> The Communiqué recognises explicitly, in its opening paragraph, that “A global crisis requires a global solution”. But at no point does it recognise any need for a global process to decide what that global solution should be. </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">The G20, it seems, is happy to “call on” other global institutions of which they comprise a small minority of the membership – the IMF, the World Bank, the ILO, WTO – to do their bidding, and “encourage” the (mostly regional) Multilateral Development Banks, to do their bit. They even “call on the UN to establish an effective mechanism <i>to monitor the impact</i> of the crisis on the poorest and most vulnerable”.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">But they conspicuously avoid any mention of the process established by the UN to allow a <i>global</i> discussion of this critical and far-reaching <i>global</i> issue on a (relatively) even political field. They prefer to keep the process to themselves, and to use their political privileges and the (waning, but still considerable) economic dominance they have gained largely by abusing these privileges, to try to fix the crisis they created for the rest of the world in such a way as to further their own interests. They want a global solution; but they want to be allowed to design it themselves, in accordance with their own interests, without any interference from anyone else.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">The G20’s demand that the UN should “monitor the impact of the crisis”, with no reference to any broader role, merely reinforces the message: the UN should sit patiently on the sidelines, shedding silent tears as they watch the devastation wrought by the G20’s efforts to salvage its own financial interests at the expense of the rest of the world (and, in all probability, a large proportion of their own populations).</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><i><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">Why the UN?</font></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">Clearly, the G20 is not an appropriate body to decide how to respond to the current crisis. It has no legal mandate or status, and its membership is exclusive and grossly unrepresentative. (It includes only one lower-middle-income country and no low-income countries.)</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">But this is, at root, a financial crisis. Why, then, should it be addressed through the United Nations rather than the IMF, which has a global mandate on international financial stability? There are three overwhelming reasons.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">First, the roots of the crisis may be financial, but its branches extend everywhere – to poverty, health, education, the environment, labour markets, migration, etc, etc. And the IMF, in its single-minded obsession with “making the numbers add up”, has shown a spectacular ignorance or, and indifference to, all of these issues. </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">Second, the IMF’s governance structure is wholly unsuited to this role. Its economically weighted voting system gives a substantial majority of the votes to a small rich minority (the developed country governments) and a veto on major policy decisions to a single country (the US). Substantive discussions take place in the Executive Board, where five countries can directly control how their votes (38.4% of the total) are used, while others cannot. The UN undoubtedly has its shortcomings – but it operates on a one-member-one-vote system, in which all countries are represented on an equal basis, and where representatives are directly accountable to the governments they represent.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">Third, in large measure because of its bizarrely anachronistic and undemocratic governance structure, the IMF has consistently (and quite spectacularly) failed even to fulfil its own relatively narrow mandate of maintaining the stability of the international financial system for the last 30 years. Apart from the current crisis, it has not only failed to prevent the Sub-Saharan and Latin American debt crises and the Asian financial crises, but has responded to them in such a way as to compound their economic and social impacts.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">The IMF is not merely an inappropriate body to deal with the current crisis, with an excessively narrow mandate – it is quite simply not capable of doing so in anything resembling its current form.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><i><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">The Arrogance of Wealth and Power</font></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">While telling global institutions what to do, the G20 members also graciously commit themselves, without apparent irony, to “candid, even-handed, and independent IMF surveillance of our economies and financial sectors, of the impact of our policies on others, and of risks facing the global economy”.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">Of course, this should go without saying – and the fact that the G20 do feel the need to make such a commitment it is a recognition that certain G20 members (no names, no pack drill….) have abused their political privileges in the IMF’s undemocratic weighted voting system to prevent it from doing this critical part of its job. This is a major part of what got us into this mess in the first place.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">Equally, it should go without saying (and is symptomatic of the system’s malaise that it doesn’t) that the G20 members “commit to implementing” measures on IMF and World Bank governance reform that have already been approved.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">However, the G20 members seem to forget themselves when they say they “have agreed a general SDR allocation”. This is not a matter for the G20, but for the IMF. It is also worth noting that a general SDR allocation, in the absence of any redistributive mechanism, essentially amounts to printing large sums of money and giving most of it to… G20 members. </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">It would be more to the point if the United States were to withdraw its veto on the amendment to the IMF’s Articles of Agreements which is necessary to implement the special one-time allocation of SDRs (<i>not</i> a General Allocation) approved by the IMF Board of Governors, including the US itself, in September 1997. This would allow somewhat more of the benefits to go to countries outside the G20.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">Of course, the US could do this quite independently of the G20. But it does suggest that perhaps there is some point after all in the G20 members “committing themselves to implement” changes that have already been approved in global institutions, with their support….</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><i><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">The Economic Model – More of the Same….</font></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">The most important reason why the G20 should not be allowed to dictate the response to the financial crisis is that it will largely determine the dominant economic model to which the rest of the world will have to adapt – at least until the next crisis. (Although we may not have too long to wait, if the G20 gets its way….)</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">Here, the message is crystal clear. The objective is to “restore global growth”, and the way to do it is through “an open world economy based on market principles, effective regulation, and strong [but not, apparently, democratic, accountable or transparent] global institutions”. In other words, the G20 wants to get back to business as usual – presumably because the vast majority of the proceeds of global growth accrue to… the G20 members.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">Of course, there are tokenistic references to protecting the poor and vulnerable – but only to protecting them, in part, from the effects of the crisis and the G20’s self-serving crisis response. And what do these really amount to? </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">G20 members “remain committed… to achieving our ODA pledges” – but no G20 member country has yet achieved the pledge to provide 0.7% of their national income in aid, and some G8 members have even slipped even further behind since the promises they made at their Gleneagles Summit in 2005. </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">The also repeat a previous G20 commitment “not to raise new barriers to investment or to trade in goods and services…, not to impose new trade restrictions, and not to create new subsidies to exports”. But they make no commitment to reduce such barriers and subsidies. </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">In terms of any more positive changes in trade policies, the Communiqué merely seeks “rapid agreement… on modalities leading to a successful conclusion of the Doha Round”. But the Doha Round, too, is not only based on further intensification of the current economic model, but on the commercial interests of the developed countries, modified slightly by the growing power in the WTO of the larger and richer developing countries – who just happen to be the ones represented on the G20. And the “agreement” they are after undoubtedly entail the rest of the world succumbing to their political and economic pressure and submitting to their demands.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">Otherwise, gestures to the poor are limited to promoting new lending through international institutions (for which, of course, G20 members will pick up only part of the bill – once again, spending other people’s money). But these loans will have to be repaid, with interest – and they will increase indebtedness even as the recipients’ debt-servicing capacity is destroyed by the crisis. Historical experience suggests that this may not prove entirely helpful in the long term.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">In other words, the G20 is just seeking more and wider application of the same old free market model, designed to make the rich (most of whom are in… G20 countries) ever richer, with vacuous language and tokenistic add-ons to give the appearance that the poor and excluded are not being screwed completely.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">The need for change goes far beyond this. The current slowdown in global economic growth has certainly been damaging to the poor – but only because the rich and powerful have spent the last 30 years imposing on them an economic model which has made them critically dependent on ever greater over-consumption by the rich to avoid sliding inexorably into complete destitution.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">Simply restoring global economic growth is not the answer. It isn’t even part of the answer. Current levels of over-consumption in the North – and among Southern elites – are already grossly unsustainable, and have brought us to the brink of an environmental precipice in the form of climate change. Worse, the first to fall over this precipice will unquestionably be the poorest. Simply getting us back on to the environmentally disastrous track which led us into the current crisis might help to avoid making the poor poorer in the short term; but it will spell disaster for many of them in the longer term – and not as long as all that.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">The issue of climate change is critical to the response to the current crisis, precisely because the current model is environmentally, as well as socially and financially, unsustainable. And yet it rates only 26 words in a 2,288-word draft – and these 26 words are just another reaffirmation of an existing commitment “to reach agreement at the UN Climate Change conference in Copenhagen in December” (in other words, to agree to do something unspecified in another eight months, so long as the rest of world accedes to their demands to do it their way). There is not the slightest hint that climate change might impinge in any way on any of the issues discussed elsewhere in the draft. </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">Everyone has a stake in these issues – and no-one more so than the poorest people in the poorest countries. And yet it is precisely these countries which are systematically excluded from the G20. As long as the G20 is in the driving seat, we will inevitably be driving towards social disaster and environmental oblivion.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><i><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">Global Economic Governance</font></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">At first sight, the draft Communiqué might appear to offer slightly more hope on future decision-making processes. International financial institutions’ “mandates and governance must be reformed”, and “Emerging and developing economies, including the poorest, must have greater voice and representation”. But “reformed” does not mean “democratised”; and they must be reformed “to reflect changes in the world economy” – an implicit reference to making economic weighting more accurate, rather than shifting towards a more democratic system. </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">Worse, this would actually <i>reduce</i> the votes of the poorest countries, already the most under-represented, still further – largely because the damage wrought by the disastrous economic policies foisted upon them by a global system from whose decision-making they are effectively excluded has reduced their economic weight in the global economy.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">The draft Communiqué also states, yet again, that “the heads and senior staff of the IFIs [international financial institutions] should be appointed through open, merit-based selection processes”. But this is a sentiment that has been parroted meaninglessly for years, without any significant effects on the selection of the last two IMF Managing Directors or the last two World Bank Presidents. And the word “commitment” is curiously absent from this particular bullet point….</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">Slightly better news – perhaps the only (slightly) good news in the draft – is the call on the IMF to “launch the next review of quotas at the 2009 Annual Meetings and commit to complete the process of quota reform by January 2011”. In principle, this provides another opportunity to raise the issue of democratisation sooner than we might otherwise have hoped. </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">Before becoming too enthusiastic, however, we need to bear in mind why this call is there, and what the interests of the G20 members are. It is undoubtedly there because the larger and richer developing countries (most notably China) want it there; and their interest is not in democratisation, but in more accurate reflection of economic weights in voting shares. </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">The developed countries would undoubtedly prefer not to push ahead with a further quota review; and they will undoubtedly use their existing majority of the votes once again to make sure they keep a majority of the votes, while giving just enough extra to the “emerging markets” to keep them on board – and just enough to smaller and poorer developing countries to avoid a politically embarrassing reduction in their votes from their already embarrassingly low levels.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">This is perhaps the most conspicuous reason why the G20 must not be allowed to pre-empt global discussions of much needed global reforms. Yes, unlike the G8, it includes some developing countries; and this means that some attention needs to be paid to the concerns of these countries. But it only includes a handful of developing countries, of a certain type – the larger, richer and more successful ones. </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">These countries are larger, richer and more successful precisely because they have contrived, in one way or another, to benefit from the status quo; and because they are larger, richer and more successful, they stand to benefit from preserving global governance systems which reinforce inequalities in economic power rather than off-setting them.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><font face="Times New Roman">Only when we can move to a global economic governance system which reflects standards of democracy at the national level, and gives equal weight in decision-making to the smaller and poorer countries which have been penalised by the status quo can we seriously hope to deal successfully with the real global challenges of poverty, climate change and health. And we can only begin to move towards such a system by putting the G20 (and the G8) firmly back in its box, and quietly turning the key.</font></span></p>
</div>