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<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT"><font face="Times New Roman">Submission to the GMC on education for Tomorrow’s Doctors</font></span></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT"><font size="5"><font face="Times New Roman">The right to the highest attainable standard of health should</font></font></span></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT"><font size="5"><font face="Times New Roman">be taught within the Core Undergraduate Medical Curriculum</font></font></span></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT"><font face="Times New Roman">1. The embedment of human rights within healthcare delivery is now Government policy</font></span></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">The publication by the Department of Health of the policy document </span><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT">Human Rights in Healthcare -</span></i></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT">A Framework for Local Action </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">in March 2007 was a seminal event - it is the first time a government</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">has acknowledged the importance of respect for human rights to health. "Neglecting people’s</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">human rights is bad for their health. In contrast, the protection and promotion of their human rights</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">is not only good for individuals’ health; it makes for better services for everyone".</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">1 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">The document,</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">which focuses primarily upon the Human Rights Act, listed nine advantages from using a human</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">rights approach to healthcare, including the facilitation of the design and delivery of health services</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">in a person-centred way. In October 2008 the Department of Health published a second edition of</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">the policy document that takes account of collaborative work between the Department and five</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">NHS Trusts at incorporating human rights into healthcare delivery since 2007</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">.</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT"><font face="Times New Roman">2.0 Making the case for education for doctors on human rights</font></span></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">2.1 Health rights</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">Health rights are ubiquitous. Every country is party to at least one, and many generic laws such as</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">the Human Rights Act enjoy surrogate health rights status through ‘knights move’ case law</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">3 4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">. The</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">Magna Carta of health rights is Article 12 of the UN International Covenant on Economic, Social</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">and Cultural Rights, along with its General Comment 14 - a sixty five paragraph explication that</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">exhaustively defines states’ obligations, health entitlements, and their ethical implementation using</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Doctors for Human Rights, 91 Harlech Rd, Abbots Langley, WD5 0BE </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: Geneva"><font face="Times New Roman"><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.doctorsforhumanrights.org/" target="_blank">www.doctorsforhumanrights.org/</a></font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">1</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">1 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">Equality and Human Rights Group. Human rights in health—a framework for local action. p4. London: Department of Health,</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">2007. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_073473" target="_blank">http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_073473</a> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">(accessed</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">14/03/2009)</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">2 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">Department of Health (2008) Equality and Human Rights Group. Human rights in health‹a framework for local action. p18.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">London</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">: Department of Health, 2008 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/" target="_blank">http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/</a></span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_088970 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">(accessed 14/03/2009)</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">3 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">Eleanor D. Kinney, The International Human Right to Health: What Does This Mean For Our Nation And World? Indiana Law</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">Review, Vol. 34, 1465 (2001)</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">4 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">Samanta A, Samanta J. The Human Rights Act 1998—why should it matter for medical practice? J R Soc Med 2005;98:404-410</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/cgi/reprint/98/9/404" target="_blank">http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/cgi/reprint/98/9/404</a> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">(accessed 14/03/2009)</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">human rights principles</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">5 6</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">. Four in every five countries worldwide have ratified the Covenant as</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">binding international law. The findings of the 2008 report from the UN Commission on Social</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">Determinants of Health, </span><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT">Closing the gap, </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">leaves no doubt as to the pivotal importance of the</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">conditions of daily life – the circumstances in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age - to</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">health.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">7 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">As the former UN Special Rapporteur on the right to the highest attainable standard of</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">health (Special Rapporteur) observed, </span><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT">Closing the gap </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">amounts to a human rights report because it</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">exposes systemic inequality and discrimination on a global scale, and the struggle against inequality</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">and discrimination which lie at the heart of human rights.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">8</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">2.2 Doctors understanding of health rights</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">It is now thirty three years since the UK ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">and Cultural Rights, and fourteen years on from the World Conference On Human Rights in Vienna</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">that recognised the importance of special education in human rights and humanitarian law for health</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">professionals. Yet doctors remain largely ignorant of the significance of economic, social and</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">cultural rights in general, and the right to the highest attainable standard of health in particular. As</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">the Special Rapporteur explained to the Human Rights Council in 2007, the right to health is one of</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">the most extensive and complex human rights in the international lexicon, and cannot be realised</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">without health professionals. He added, “To be blunt, most health professionals whom the Special</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">Rapporteur meets have not even heard of the right to health. If they have heard of it, they usually</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">have no idea what it means, either conceptually or operationally. If they have heard of it, they are</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">likely to be worried that it is something that will get them into trouble”.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">9</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">Most doctors' understanding of health rights is sketchy. Many are sceptical of their relevance to</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">healthcare, yet they are the ally of good medical practice and scourge of inadequate resources. They</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">neither create limitless responsibility nor inspire endless potential for litigation. A BMJ editor</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">recently complained that a paper on health rights submitted for publication “covers complex</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">concepts and laws that most readers will know nothing about, and the language is dense and filled</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">with jargon” (personal experience). Successful submissions for publication of human rights papers</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">in medical journals are rare. A common reason for rejection is, the editors claim, that they are of</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">insufficient interest to the reader. Yet, until the medical profession receives adequate education on</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">health rights, medical practitioners will remain indifferent because of ignorance of the importance</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">of human rights to health.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Doctors for Human Rights, 91 Harlech Rd, Abbots Langley, WD5 0BE </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: Geneva"><font face="Times New Roman"><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.doctorsforhumanrights.org/" target="_blank">www.doctorsforhumanrights.org/</a></font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">2</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">5 </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">United Nations. International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights. </span><span lang="IT" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">Geneva: UN, 1976</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="IT" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cescr.htm" target="_blank">http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cescr.htm</a> </span><span lang="IT" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">(accessed 14/03/2009)</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">6 </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">United Nations. The right to the highest attainable standard of health. </span><span lang="IT" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">Geneva: UN, 2000. (General comment No 14.)</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="IT" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(symbol)/E.C.12.2000.4.En?OpenDocument" target="_blank">www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(symbol)/E.C.12.2000.4.En?OpenDocument</a> </span><span lang="IT" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">(accessed 14/03/2009)</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">7 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">CSDH (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final Report of</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva, World Health Organization. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.who.int/social_determinants/" target="_blank">http://www.who.int/social_determinants/</a></span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">thecommission/finalreport/en/index.html </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">(accessed 14/03/2009)</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">8 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">Hunt P. (2009) Missed opportunities: human rights and the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Global Health</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">Promotion. Supplement 1, 2009</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">9 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">Special Rapporteur on the right to the highest attainable standard of health (2007) Hunt P, Report on progress and obstacles to the</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">health and human rights movement, in addition to cases on the right to health and other health-related rights. This report (A/HRC/</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">4/28) was submitted to the Human Rights Council on 17 January 2007</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www2.essex.ac.uk/human_rights_centre/rth/reports.shtm" target="_blank">http://www2.essex.ac.uk/human_rights_centre/rth/reports.shtm</a> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">(accessed 14/03/2009)</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">2.3 The importance of a human rights culture within healthcare delivery</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">The parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights has now carried out three separate</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">investigations; into healthcare for elderly people, for asylum seekers and for people with learning</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">disabilty - all of which exposed violations of human rights. “In the course of our recent inquiries on</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">the treatment of asylum seekers and the human rights of older people in healthcare, we have raised</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">our concerns about the lack of respect afforded to the human rights of the some of the most</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">marginalised and vulnerable members of our society. In the course of this inquiry, these concerns</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">have intensified. The evidence reveals that adults with learning disabilities continue to face a high</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">level of prejudice and discrimination, ranging from patronising behaviour to criminal assaults”.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">10</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">The 2008 Michael Inquiry into healthcare for people with learning disabilities reported evidence of</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">appalling examples of discrimination, abuse and neglect across the range of health services.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">11 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">More</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">recently, the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman’s inquiry into the deaths of six people</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">with learning disabilities publicised in the Mencap report </span><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT">Death by indifference</span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">, described “the</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">devastating impact of organisational behaviour which does not adapt to individual needs”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">12</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">.</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">Worryingly, not only did the Ombudsman discover a lack of leadership and a failure to understand</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">the law in relation to disability discrimination and human rights, but despite the extensive</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">recommendations from the Michael Inquiry, she is “still left with an underlying concern that similar</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">failures to those identified in the investigations will occur again – and indeed may be occurring</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">today in services provided or commissioned by NHS bodies and councils across the country.”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">13</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">2.4 Current human rights education</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">Two recent informal surveys of the 32 UK medical schools carried out a year apart - January 2008</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">and 2009 - asked if any education on the right to the highest attainable standard of health was</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">included within medical student core curricula. In 2008 only two responded positively - Warwick</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">University reported it was mentioned briefly in the first year, and Glasgow reported that one</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">diagram from the WHO report </span><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT">25 Questions and Answers on Health and Human Rights, </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">which</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">describes the right to the highest attainable standard of health, was discussed. One year later three</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">medical schools, Newcastle, Leeds and Sheffield, reported they were taught health rights, but only</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">briefly and as an addendum to another subject (personal communication). A recent paper from the</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">US on health and human rights education reported that a majority of deans of schools of medicine</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">and public health believe that knowledge about human rights is important in health practice and</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">support the inclusion of health and human rights in their institutions.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">14</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Doctors for Human Rights, 91 Harlech Rd, Abbots Langley, WD5 0BE </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: Geneva"><font face="Times New Roman"><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.doctorsforhumanrights.org/" target="_blank">www.doctorsforhumanrights.org/</a></font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">3</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">10 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">Joint Committee on Human Rights. (2008) A Life Like Any Other? Human Rights of Adults with Learning Disabilities. p95.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200708/jtselect/jtrights/jtrights.htm" target="_blank">http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200708/jtselect/jtrights/jtrights.htm</a> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">(accessed 14/03/2009)</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 6pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">11 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">Michael J. (2008) Healthcare for all. p7. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.iahpld.org.uk/Healthcare_final.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.iahpld.org.uk/Healthcare_final.pdf</a> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">(accessed 14/03/2009)</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 6pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">12 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">Mencap. (2007) Death by indifference. London. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.mencap.org.uk/document.asp?id=284" target="_blank">www.mencap.org.uk/document.asp?id=284</a> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">(accessed 14/03/2009)</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 6pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">13 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">Parliamentary and NHS Ombudsman (2009). Six lives: the provision of public services to people with learning disabilities.Part</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">one, p7-12 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.ombudsman.org.uk/improving_services/special_reports/hsc/six_lives/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.ombudsman.org.uk/improving_services/special_reports/hsc/six_lives/index.html</a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">. (accessed 14/03/2009)</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="FR" style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">14 </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="FR" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #000022; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">Cotter LE, Chevrier J, et al. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #000022; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">(2009) Health and Human Rights Education in U.S. Schools of Medicine and Public Health: Current</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #000022; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">Status and Future Challenges. PLoS ONE 4(3): e4916. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004916. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/</a></span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">10.1371/journal.pone.0004916 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">(accessed 14/03/2009)</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT"><font face="Times New Roman">Commentary</font></span></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">During her investigation into the deaths of six people with learning disabilities, the Ombudsman</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">aspired to find a way to change the attitudes and culture in healthcare delivery - yet she remains</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">apprehensive. In </span><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT">Valuing People Now, </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">which was published in January 2009 as the Government</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">response to the Michael Inquiry recommendations, the authors declaim that people with learning</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">disabilities have the same human rights as everyone else - rather missing the point that human rights</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">are designed primarily for the disempowered, not those who can look after themselves.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">15</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">Nonetheless </span><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT">Valuing People Now, </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">is an exceptionally important document, not least because it uses</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">the term human rights no less than fifty four times in 149 pages</span><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT">, </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">and constituting as it does a</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font face="Times New Roman">declaration of intent that healthcare workers must respect human rights - or else.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">As such it requires nothing less than the </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT">educated </span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">support of the whole medical profession.</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT"><font face="Times New Roman">Recommendation</font></span></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT"><font face="Times New Roman">The right to the highest attainable standard of health should become an essential component</font></span></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT"><font face="Times New Roman">of the Core Undergraduate Medical Curriculum</font></span></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Doctors for Human Rights, 91 Harlech Rd, Abbots Langley, WD5 0BE </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: Geneva"><font face="Times New Roman"><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.doctorsforhumanrights.org/" target="_blank">www.doctorsforhumanrights.org/</a></font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">4</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">15 </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">Department of Health. (2009) Valuing people now: a new three-year strategy for people with learning disabilities. p30 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">http://</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #00009a; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT"><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_093377" target="_blank">www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_093377</a> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRomanPSMT">(accessed 14/03/2009)</span></font></p>
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