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<div class="gmail_quote"><br>From: <b class="gmail_sendername">Ruggiero, Mrs. Ana Lucia (WDC)</b> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:ruglucia@paho.org">ruglucia@paho.org</a>></span><br>crossposted from: <a href="mailto:EQUIDAD@listserv.paho.org">EQUIDAD@listserv.paho.org</a><br>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="maroon" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: maroon; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">SWIMMING AGAINST THE TIDE: <br>HOW DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE COPING WITH THE GLOBAL CRISIS</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><br><b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Background Paper prepared by World Bank Staff for the G20 Finance Ministers and Central</span></b></span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Bank Governors Meeting, Horsham, United Kingdom on March 13-14, 2009</span></font></p>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Available online PDF [21p.] at:<br><a href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEWS/Resources/swimmingagainstthetide-march2009.pdf" target="_blank"><font color="navy"><span style="COLOR: navy">http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEWS/Resources/swimmingagainstthetide-march2009.pdf</span></font></a> </span></font></p>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">“…..Impact on the Poor and Most Vulnerable- What does this mean for the poor? </span></font></b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The economic crisis is projected to increase poverty by around 46 million people in 2009. The principal transmission channels will be via employment and wage effects as well as declining remittance flows. While labor markets in the developing world will take a while to experience the full effects of the on-going global contraction, there is already clear evidence of the fall-out. </span></font></p>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The latest estimates from the Ministry of Labor in China show 20 million people out of work. So far, the most affected sectors appear to be those that had been the most dynamic, typically urban-based exporters, construction, mining and manufacturing. The <b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">garment industry </span></b>has laid off 30,000 workers in Cambodia (10% of workforce) where it represents the only significant export industry. In <b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">India, </span></b>over 500,000 jobs have been lost over the last 3 months of 2008 in export-oriented sectors—i.e., gems and jewelry, autos, and textiles. ILO forecasts suggest that global job losses could hit 51 million, and up to 30 million workers could become unemployed.</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><br>“….Workers are increasingly shifting out of dynamic export-oriented sectors </span></font></b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">into lower productivity activities (and moving from urban back into rural areas). These trends are likely to jeopardize recent progress in growth and poverty reduction resulting from labor shifting to higher return activities. </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><br></span></font></b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Declining remittances and migration opportunities are also undermining poverty gains and depressing wages. </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><br>Falling real wages and employment impede households’ ability to provide adequate food and necessities<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"> </span></b>to their members</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><br>“….Experience from past crises suggests the potential for a slowdown in progress towards the MDGs </span></font></b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">(Figure 7). Even prior to the crisis, most human development MDGs—especially for child and maternal mortality but also primary school completion, nutrition, and sanitation—were unlikely to be met…..’</span></font></p>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">“…..Protecting the Vulnerable</span></font></i></b><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">. </span></font></i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Inevitably, the crisis will impact social and human development objectives. Declining growth rates combined with high levels of initial poverty leave many households in developing countries highly exposed to the crisis. The Bank estimates that of 116 developing countries, 94 have experienced decelerating growth, of which 43 experience high levels of poverty. This implies new spending needs and may warrant a re-prioritization of existing public spending….”</span></font></p>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">World Bank: Financial Crisis website: </span></font></b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><a href="http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/financialcrisis/" target="_blank"><font color="navy"><span style="COLOR: navy">http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/financialcrisis/</span></font></a><b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"> </span></b></span></font></p>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Policy Note: Vulnerable Countries Brief </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="maroon" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: maroon; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The Global Economic Crisis:</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="maroon" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: maroon; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Assessing Vulnerability with a Poverty Lens</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">This policy note was prepared by Louise Cord, Marijn Verhoeven, Camilla Blomquist and Bob Rijkers </span></font></p>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">‘…..Almost all developed and developing countries are suffering from the global economic crisis. While developed countries are experiencing some of the sharpest contractions, households in developing countries are much more vulnerable and likely to experience acute negative consequences in the short- and long-term. Declining growth rates combined with high levels of initial poverty leave many households in developing countries highly exposed to the crisis. Vulnerability is heightened if, at the same time, governments are constrained in cushioning the impacts due limited institutional capacity and fiscal resources….”<br>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PDF: <a href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEWS/Resources/WBGVulnerableCountriesBrief.pdf" target="_blank"><font color="navy"><span style="COLOR: navy">http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEWS/Resources/WBGVulnerableCountriesBrief.pdf</span></font></a> </span></font></p>
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