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<div class="gmail_quote">From: <b class="gmail_sendername">iftikhar ahmed</b> <span dir="ltr"><a href="mailto:dociftee@hotmail.com">dociftee@hotmail.com</a></span><br>
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<center><b>Social injustice is killing people</b><br></center><br><br>
<center>By Kausar S K</center><br>
<p>IT is now 30 years since the historic declaration of primary health care (PHC) at Almaty was adopted. It was 1978 when under the dynamic leadership of Hafden Mahler, director general WHO, health was defined by the global leadership of health care as "a state of physical, mental and social well being, and not merely an absence of disease and infirmity" (Article 1).<br>
<br>A foundation of hope was laid with the slogan 'health for all' (HFA) by the year 2000. Health was also stated to be a right and community participation was flagged as an imperative for improving health outcomes. Inter-sectoral collaboration was recommended for creating conditions leading to better health. By pointing out that health is not merely the absence of disease and infirmity WHO had unequivocally stated the importance of preventive, promotive and rehabilitative aspects of health care. Unfortunately, like many developing countries Pakistan failed to achieve the PHC goals as maternal mortality, infant deaths, malnutrition, continued their embarrassing trends (while the number of medical colleges increased steadily).<br>
<br>The PHC movement was derailed for various reasons perhaps the foremost being the domination by the clinical model of health. In Pakistan, even today nearly 85 per cent of the health budget is spent on tertiary care and secondary hospitals located in the urban centres, which cater to the needs of 15 per cent of the population. 85 per cent of Pakistan's population is left to the mercy of services resting on 15 per cent of the health budget. The doctor-nurse ratio continues to be opposite to WHO recommendation of three nurses to a doctor (Pakistan has three doctors to a nurse), and a minimal quality of life remains elusive as the government repeatedly fails to monitor this crucial foundation of health.<br>
<br>PHC also suffered because it was reduced to some selective programmes — immunisation, diarrhoea management (instead of ensuring clean drinking water for all), some clinical services and health education. The transformative vision of PHC was thus left to a handful of PHC diehards to be found in some teaching/learning institutions in Pakistan. The debacle of the PHC does not reflect any conceptual gaps within the PHC declaration. The failure lies safely in the heart of the medical model of health which can't seem to grasp two critical concepts: social determinants of health and health equity.<br>
<br>While countries like Pakistan continue to fail its vulnerable populations, globally health concerns have moved forward. This progress is epitomised in the 2008 report of the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH).. The very title is enough to send the thoughtful to their drawing boards: 'Closing the gap in a generation — health equity through action on the social determinants of health' (www.who.int/social_determinants). The report makes three succinct recommendations: (i) improve daily living conditions; (ii) tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources; and (iii) measure and understand the problem and assess the impact of action.<br>
<br>Each recommendation carries under its heading more detailed recommendations but the brief preamble encapsulates what needs to be done if health is to imbibe the notion of justice for all. The first recommendation begins by advising:<br>
<br>"Improve the well being of girls and women and the circumstances in which their children are born, put major emphasis on early child development and education for girls and boys, improve living and working conditions and create social protection policy supportive of all, and create conditions for a flourishing older life. Policies to achieve these goals will involve civil society, governments, and global institutions." (Page 202.)<br>
<br>Care over the entire life cycle of a person, woman or man, poor or rich, has been presented as an entitlement. Living and working conditions have been highlighted for improvement, for in these two realms a person spends most of her life. It is also important to note that policies are to be made in consultation with civil society. Thus, the participatory/democratic processes for making social policies are stated as given.<br>
<br>The heart of the second recommendation is to be found in the concept of equity that the CSDH report emphasises in no uncertain terms:<br><br>"In order to address health inequities, and inequitable conditions of daily living, it is necessary to address inequities — such as those between men and women — in the way society is organised. This requires a strong public sector that is committed, capable, and adequately financed." (Page 204.)<br>
<br>Equity in health helps unveil the inequities that in Pakistan are based on injustices rooted in gender and class relations. It is well known that all pregnant women do not die in child birth but it is the poor woman who does not have access to emergency care and is more likely to die than a woman from a middle- and upper-income bracket.. Similarly, if a husband and wife both suffer from tuberculosis, it is more likely that the husband will access available care. Inadequate food becomes the lot of girls and women more than the male counterparts in the family.. Equity is a relative term and reduction in inequities means monitoring comparison between different social groups, e.g. class, gender, ethnic and religious minorities.<br>
<br>The third recommendation calls for making a system that could monitor the impact of actions taken on the basis of the first two recommendations. The three recommendations together offer a blue print for making a difference in our society. Will the parliamentarians read the report so that they can assess how the executive is performing in terms of the lives of the people of Pakistan? Will health /medical institutions in Pakistan use the report to examine their own thoughts and actions? Will the NGOs take advantage of the report to accelerate their advocacy for creating better health conditions? While these questions mark time, the closing statement of the report may jolt some into action:<br>
<br>"Reducing health inequities is, for the Commission on Social Determinants of Health, an ethical imperative. Social injustice is killing people on a grand scale."</p></a><br> <br></div>
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