<h1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 3.5pt"><font size="2">Health in Ruins: PHR Reports on the Man-Made Health Crisis in Zimbabwe</font></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 5pt 0in 7.5pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'">What happens when a government presides over the dramatic reversal of its population's access to food, clean water, basic sanitation, and healthcare? When government policies lead directly to the shuttering of hospitals and clinics, the closing of its medical school, and the beatings of health workers, are we to consider the attendant deaths and injuries as any different from those resulting from a massacre of similar proportions?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 5pt 0in 7.5pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Trebuchet MS'">Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) witnesses the utter collapse of Zimbabwe's health system, once a model in southern Africa. These shocking findings should compel the international community to respond as it should to other human rights emergencies. PHR rightly calls into question the legitimacy of a regime that, in the report's words, has abrogated the most basic state functions in protecting the health of the population. As the report documents, the Mugabe regime has used any means at its disposal, including politicizing the health sector, to maintain its hold on power. Instead of fulfilling its obligation to progressively realize the right to health for the people of Zimbabwe, the Government has taken the country backwards, which has enabled the destruction of health, water, and sanitation – all with fatal consequences.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">EXeCUTIVe SUmmarY</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">INTrOdUCTION aNd OVerVIeW</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 29.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">P</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">hysicians for Human Rights sent an emergency</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">delegation to Zimbabwe in December 2008 to</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">investigate the collapse of healthcare. The health and</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">nutritional status of Zimbabwe's people has acutely</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">worsened this past year due to a cholera epidemic,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">high maternal mortality, malnutrition, HIV/AIDS,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">tuberculosis, and anthrax. The 2008 cholera epidemic</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">that continues in 2009 is an outcome of the health</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">systems collapse, and of the failure of the state to</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">maintain safe water and sanitation. This disaster is</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">man-made, was likely preventable, and has become a</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">regional issue since the spread of cholera to neighbor</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">states.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">The health crisis in Zimbabwe is a direct outcome of</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">the violation of a number of human rights, including the</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">right to participate in government and in free elections</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">and the right to a standard of living adequate for one's</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">health and well being, including food, medical care,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">and necessary social services. Robert Mugabe's ZANUPF</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">regime continues to violate Zimbabweans' civil,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">political, economic, social, and cultural rights.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">The collapse of Zimbabwe's health system in 2008</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">is unprecedented in scale and scope. Public-sector</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">hospitals have been shuttered since November 2008.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">While some facilities remain open in the private sector,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">these are operating on a US-dollar system and are</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">charging fees ranging from $200 USD in cash for a</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">consultation, $500 USD for an in-patient bed, and</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">$3,000 USD for a Cesarean section. With fees in reach</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">for only the wealthy, the majority are being denied</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">access to health care.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MyriadPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: MyriadPro-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">» </font></span><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">International human rights framework</span></b></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">Zimbabwe</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"> is a party to the International Covenant on</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR or the</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Covenant), the Convention on the Rights of the Child</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">(CRC), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), and the</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. The</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Government has a legally binding obligation to respect,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">protect, and fulfill these rights for all people within its</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">jurisdiction.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">The right to health imposes core obligations,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">which require access to health facilities on a nondiscriminatory</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">basis, the provision of a minimum</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">essential package of health-related services and</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">facilities, including essential food, basic sanitation</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">and adequate water, essential medicines, and sexual</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">and reproductive health services, including obstetric</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">care. Even with limited resources, the Government is</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">required to give first priority to the most basic health</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">needs of the population and to the most vulnerable</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">sections of the population.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MyriadPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: MyriadPro-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">» </font></span><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Methods for this investigation</span></b></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">During a seven-day investigation to Zimbabwe (13-</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">20 December 2008) conducted by four human rights</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">investigators, including two physicians with expertise</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">in public health and epidemiology, PHR interviewed</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">and met with 92 participants, including healthcare</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">workers in private and public hospitals and clinics,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">medical students from both of the medical schools in</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">Zimbabwe</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">, representatives from local and international</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">NGOs, representatives from U.N. agencies,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Zimbabwean government health officials, members of</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">parliament, water and sanitation engineers, farmers,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">and school teachers. The PHR team visited four of the</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">ten provinces in Zimbabwe, in both urban and rural</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">areas. Provinces visited included Harare, Mashonaland</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Central, Mashonaland West, and Mashonaland East.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">FINdINGS</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MyriadPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: MyriadPro-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">» </font></span><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The economic collapse</span></b></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">A causal chain runs from Mugabe's economic</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">policies, to Zimbabwe's economic collapse, food</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">insecurity and malnutrition, and the current outbreaks</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">of infectious disease. These policies include the land</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">seizures of 2000, a failed monetary policy and currency</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">devaluations, and a cap on bank withdrawals. Mugabe's</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">land seizures destroyed Zimbabwe's agricultural</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">sector, which provided 45% of the country's foreign</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">exchange revenue and livelihood for more than 70% of</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">the population. Hyperinflation has ensued while salary</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">levels have not kept pace. A government physician in</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">Harare</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"> showed PHR her official pay stub; her monthly</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">gross income in November 2008 was worth 32 U.S.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">cents ($0.32 USD). The unemployment rate is over</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">80%. Low-income households have had to reduce the</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">quantity and quality of food. The Mugabe ZANU-PF</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">government must be held accountable for the violation</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">of the right to be free from hunger.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Medium; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Medium"><font face="Times New Roman">vi Health in Ruins: A Man-Made Crisis in Zimbabwe</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MyriadPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: MyriadPro-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">» </font></span><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Public health system collapse</span></b></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">The Government of Zimbabwe has abrogated the</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">most basic state functions in protecting the health of</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">the population – including the maintenance of public</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">hospitals and clinics and the support for the health</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">workers required to maintain the public health system.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">These services have been in decline since 2006, but the</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">deterioration of both public health and clinical care has</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">dramatically accelerated since August 2008.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-BoldItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-BoldItalic"><font face="Times New Roman">›› Healthcare and healthcare delivery</font></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">As of December 2008, there were no functioning</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">critical care beds in the public sector in Zimbabwe. The</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">director of a mission hospital told PHR:</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">"We see women with eclampsia who have been seizing</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">for 12 hours. There is no intensive care unit here,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">and now there is no intensive care in Harare. If we</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">had intensive care, we know it would be immediately</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">full of critically ill patients. As it is, they just die."</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Life expectancy at birth has fallen dramatically from</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">62 years for both sexes in 1990 to 36 years in 2006 – 34</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">years for males and 37 years for females, the world's</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">lowest.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-BoldItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-BoldItalic"><font face="Times New Roman">›› Limits to access: affordability,</font></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-BoldItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-BoldItalic"><font face="Times New Roman">transportation, closures</font></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Since the dollarization of the economy in November</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">2008, only a tiny elite with substantial foreign currency</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">holdings have any real access to healthcare. Transport</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">costs, even within Harare, have made getting to</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">work impossible for many healthcare employees.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">A rural clinic staff nurse reported that since he lived</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">at the clinic, he had no difficulties in getting to work;</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">however, since bus fare to get to the nearest town to</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">collect his monthly salary cost more than the entire</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">salary, it made no sense to collect it. He had not done</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">so since April 2008. A senior government official said:</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-RegularItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-RegularItalic">Government salaries are simply rotting in the bank. </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">When</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">asked about how the absence of healthcare workers</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">was affecting HIV treatment, the official said</span><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-RegularItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-RegularItalic">: This is not</span></i></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-RegularItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-RegularItalic"><font face="Times New Roman">a strike. The problem is the staff and the patients cannot</font></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-RegularItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-RegularItalic"><font face="Times New Roman">come due to travel costs.</font></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Between September and November 2008 most</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">wards in the public hospitals gradually closed. The</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">most abrupt halt in healthcare access occurred on</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">17 November 2008, when the premier teaching and</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">referral hospital in Harare, Parirenyatwa, closed along</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">with the medical school.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-BoldItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-BoldItalic"><font face="Times New Roman">›› Essential medicines and supplies</font></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Access to essential medications was raised by nearly</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">all providers interviewed. In addition to drug shortages,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">medical supplies (including cleaning agents, soap,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">surgical gloves, and bandages) were also in critically</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">short supply—or absent altogether. A rural clinic nurse</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">reported:</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font size="3">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">Right now I have no anti-hypertensives, no antiasthmatics,</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">no analgesics, nothing for pain.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">... I have a woman in labor right now, and I have</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">no way to monitor blood pressure ... and I have no</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">suture material to do a repair if she tears."</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-BoldItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-BoldItalic"><font face="Times New Roman">›› Health information and suppression</font></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">The Mugabe regime intentionally suppressed initial</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">reports of the cholera epidemic and has since denied</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">or underplayed its gravity. The Minister of Information</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">and Publicity, Sikhanyiso Ndlovu, reportedly ordered</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">government-controlled media to downplay the cholera</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">epidemic, which he said had </span><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-RegularItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-RegularItalic">given the country's enemies</span></i></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-RegularItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-RegularItalic"><font face="Times New Roman">a chance to exert more pressure on President Robert</font></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-RegularItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-RegularItalic">Mugabe to leave office. </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">The Minister instructed the</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">media </span><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-RegularItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-RegularItalic">to turn a blind eye to the number of people who</span></i></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-RegularItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-RegularItalic"><font face="Times New Roman">have died or [have become] infected with cholera, and</font></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-RegularItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-RegularItalic"><font face="Times New Roman">instead focus on what the Government and NGOs are</font></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-RegularItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-RegularItalic"><font face="Times New Roman">doing to contain the epidemic.</font></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">PHR heard from several sources in Zimbabwe</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">that the Government has intentionally suppressed</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">information regarding increasing malnutrition. PHR</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">asked a nurse staffing a public-sector clinic in a rural</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">district if there had been cases of malnutrition. The</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">nurse became visibly anxious and then replied:</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font size="3">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">Malnutrition is very political. We are not supposed to</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">have hunger in Zimbabwe. So even though we do see</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">it, we cannot report it."</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">DeTermINaNTS OF HeaLTh</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MyriadPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: MyriadPro-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">» </font></span><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Failed sewerage and sanitation systems</span></b></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Before the ZANU-PF government nationalized</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">municipal water authorities in 2006, water treatment</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">and delivery systems worked, although suboptimally.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">The Mugabe regime, however, politicized water for</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">political gain and profit, policies that proved disastrous,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">and which have clearly contributed to the ongoing</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">cholera epidemic.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Medium; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Medium"><font face="Times New Roman">vii</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">All Harare residents PHR interviewed reported that</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">trash collection has effectively ceased. Throughout</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">Harare</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">, and especially in the poor high-density areas</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">outside the capital, PHR investigators saw detritus</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">littering streets and clogging intersections. Steady</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">streams of raw sewage flow through the refuse and</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">merge with septic waste. A current Ministry of Health</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">official reported to PHR: </span><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-RegularItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-RegularItalic">There is no decontamination of</span></i></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-RegularItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-RegularItalic"><font face="Times New Roman">waste in the country.</font></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MyriadPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: MyriadPro-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">» </font></span><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Nutrition and food security</span></b></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">The U.N. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">predicts that some 5.1 million (45% of the population)</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">who will require food aid by early 2009 in order to</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">survive. Agricultural output has dropped 50-70% over</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">the past seven years. The ZANU-PF government has</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">exacerbated food insecurity for Zimbabweans in 2008</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">by blocking international humanitarian organizations</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">from delivering food aid and humanitarian aid to</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">populations in the worst-affected rural areas. Patients</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">with HIV/AIDS and TB are especially vulnerable to food</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">insecurity.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">In the months following the March 2008 elections, the</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Mugabe regime used food as a weapon of war against</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">MDC supporters and the rural poor. On 31 December</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">2008, a government official in Chivhu prevented WFP</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">from distributing food aid: "The villagers accused the</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">chief of being corrupt and diverting donor aid and</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">distributing it along party lines. They indicated that . .</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">. the chief and his ZANU-PF supporters used to source</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">maize from the nearby Grain Marketing Board and then</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">sell it to the poor villagers."A leader of a health NGO</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">reported that:</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">"There is no food in many of the hospitals and there is</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">starvation in the prisons."Current Health Crisis</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MyriadPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: MyriadPro-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">» </font></span><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Current health crisis: Cholera</span></b></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">The current cholera epidemic in Zimbabwe appears</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">to have begun in August 2008. As of this writing, more</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">than 1,700 Zimbabweans have died from the disease</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">and another 35,000 people have been infected. The U.N.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">reports that cholera has spread to all of Zimbabwe's</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">ten provinces, and to 55 of the 62 districts (89%) and</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">that the cumulative case fatality rate (CFR) across the</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">country has risen to 5.0% - five times greater than what</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">is typical in cholera outbreaks. Control has not been</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">reached: There has been a doubling of both cases and</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">deaths during the last three weeks of December, 2008.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-BoldItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-BoldItalic"><font face="Times New Roman">›› Cholera infectivity, epidemiology, and</font></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-BoldItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-BoldItalic"><font face="Times New Roman">treatment</font></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">The origin of the current cholera epidemic appears to</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">stem from the failure of the Mugabe regime to maintain</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">water purification measures and manage sewerage</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">systems. Civic organizations in Harare warned of a</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-RegularItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-RegularItalic">cholera time-bomb </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">in 2006, but the Mugabe regime</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">ignored the warning signs. Not until 4 December 2008</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">did Zimbabwe's Ministry of Health and Child Welfare</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">finally request aid to respond to the cholera outbreak</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">by declaring a national emergency. This negligence</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">represents a four-month delay since the start of the</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">cholera outbreak, but at least a three-year delay in</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">responding to the water and sanitation breakdowns,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">which have allowed cholera to flourish.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Death rates from cholera are usually under 1%;</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">however, in the current Zimbabwe epidemic, the</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">cumulative death rate for the country is around 5%, and</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">more than 40% of all districts have case fatality rates</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">above 10%. PHR asked a senior government official</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">responsible for cholera surveillance why Zimbabwe's</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">case fatality rate was more than five times greater. She</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">attributed the high death rate to three causes. First, in</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">the initial phase there simply were no supplies, such as</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">ORS and IV fluids. Second, few clinic or hospital staff</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">were sufficiently experienced or trained to respond to</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">cholera, and many patients died even in facilities that</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">had adequate supplies. Finally, the issue of transport</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">costs for patients and staff, exacerbated by the closure</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">of the public hospitals, meant that many patients either</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">could not reach care, or reached care in advanced</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">dehydration, and could not be saved.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MyriadPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: MyriadPro-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">» </font></span><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Current health crisis: Anthrax</span></b></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">WHO has reported some 200 human cases of</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">anthrax since November 2008 with eight confirmed</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">deaths. These cases were attributed to the ingestion</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">of animals (cattle and goats) that had died of anthrax.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Zimbabweans avoid eating animals that have died</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">of disease – but these cases appear to occurred in</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">starving rural people scavenging carrion.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">PHR was told that veterinary anthrax control</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">programs in Zimbabwe, which had included regular</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">monthly control programs, have been dramatically</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">curtailed in the economic collapse. The surviving herds</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">are now much more vulnerable to infectious diseases.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">The lab was working well until 2006 and has since fallen</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">apart. The DOTS program in 2000 was highly effective,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">but that has broken down now too. There is no real data</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">collection system for TB. This stopped in 2006 as well."</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Both MDR-TB and possible XDR-TB (a largely fatal</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">and often untreatable form) have emerged in Zimbabwe,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">but the critical capacity to diagnose and manage these</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">infections has collapsed.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MyriadPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: MyriadPro-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">» </font></span><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Current health crisis: Maternal</span></b></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><font size="3">morbidity and mortality</font></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Maternal health in Zimbabwe has deteriorated</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">greatly over the past decade. The maternal mortality</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">rate has risen from 168 (per 100,000) in 1990 to 1,100</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">(per 100,000) in 2005. The major contributors are HIV/</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">AIDS and a significant decline in availability and quality</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">of maternal health services. PHR interviewed several</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">Harare</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"> mothers at a distant Mission Hospital who had</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">sought obstetric care. One went to Mbuya Nehanda</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">Government</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"> Maternity Hospital</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"> for a cesarean section</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">on 14 November 2008. She was told that the operation</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">could not be performed because there were no nurses,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">doctors, or anesthesiologists at work. Another woman</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">said:</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">"I wanted to have my baby in Harare but Parirenyatwa</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">hospital was closed. I was having my prenatal care</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">with my own doctor at [a private clinic] but they</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">wanted so much money. They wanted only U.S.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">dollars, in cash. $3,000 dollars for the surgeon, $140</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">dollars for the nurse, and $700 dollars for the doctor</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">who puts you to sleep."</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">CONCLUSIONS</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">The health and healthcare crisis in Zimbabwe is</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">a direct outcome of the malfeasance of the Mugabe</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">regime and the systematic violation of a wide range</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">of human rights, including the right to participate in</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">government and in free elections and egregious failure</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">to respect, protect and fulfill the right to health.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">The findings contained in this report show, at a</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">minimum, violations of the rights to life, health, food,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">water, and work. When examined in the context of 28</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">years of massive and egregious human rights violations</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">against the people of Zimbabwe under the rule of</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Robert Mugabe, they constitute added proof of the</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">commission by the Mugabe regime of crimes against</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">humanity.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MyriadPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: MyriadPro-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">» </font></span><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Current Health Crisis: HIV/AIDS</span></b></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">UNAIDS figures show that Zimbabwe has a severe</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">generalized epidemic of HIV-1, with an overall adult</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">(ages 15-49) HIV prevalence rate of 15.3%. An estimated</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">1.3 million adults and children in Zimbabwe are living</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">with HIV infection in 2008. Of these, some 680,000 were</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">women of childbearing age. In 2007, some 140,000</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Zimbabweans died of AIDS, and the current toll is</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">estimated at 400 AIDS deaths per day. Access to HIV/</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">AIDS care and treatment is threatened by the current</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">collapse and HIV programs are currently capped: some</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">205,000 people are thought to be taking Anti-Retrovirals</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">(ARVs), but no major program is currently able to enroll</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">new patients. Some 800,000 Zimbabweans are thought</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">to require therapy, or will require it in the coming</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">months-years.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">PHR investigators received corroborating reports</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">from donors and HIV/AIDS patients in Zimbabwe that</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">ZANU-PF government officials had plundered $7.3</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">million USD in humanitarian aid for HIV/AIDS treatment</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">– part of $12.3 million USD from the Global Fund for</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Following public</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">outrage over the scandal months later in November</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">2008, the ZANU-PF-controlled reserve bank returned</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">the stolen funds to the Global Fund.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">For HIV/AIDS the most severe threat has been the</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">interruption of regular supplies of antiretroviral drugs.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Multiple key informants, patients, and providers told</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">PHR that ARV supplies had become irregular due to</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">breakdowns in drug delivery, distribution, provision,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">and theft of ARV drugs by ZANU-PF operatives. Most</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">troubling were reports that some physicians were</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">switching patients on established ARV regimens to</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">other regimens based not on clinical need, but on drug</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">availability. This can lead to drug resistant HIV strains.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">These dangerous practices constitute a significant</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">threat to public health since the development and</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">transmission of multi-drug resistant variants of HIV in</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">Zimbabwe</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"> could undermine not only Zimbabwe's HIV/</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">AIDS program, but regional programs as well.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MyriadPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: MyriadPro-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">» </font></span><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Current health crisis: Tuberculosis</span></b></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">PHR asked an expert working with the national</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">program to describe the status of the program in</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">December 2008: "There is no politically correct way to</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">say this – the TB program in Zimbabwe is a joke. The</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">national TB lab has one staff person. There is no one</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">trained in drug sensitivity testing. The TB reference lab</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">is just not functioning. This is a brain drain problem.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Medium; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Medium"><font face="Times New Roman">ix</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">ReCOmmeNda TIONS</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Medium; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Medium"><font face="Times New Roman">1. Resolve the political impasse</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">The UN Security Council and the South African</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Development Community should call on the Mugabe</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">regime to accept the result of the 29 March election</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">and allow the MDC to assume its place. Governments</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">should end their support of Mugabe's regime, engaging</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">in intensive diplomacy to assure a democratic political</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">transition. They should maintain and strengthen</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">targeted bilateral sanctions until Mugabe cedes power</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">and a stable government is established.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Medium; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Medium"><font face="Times New Roman">2. Launch an emergency health response</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">The government of Zimbabwe should yield control</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">of its health services, water supply, sanitation, disease</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">surveillance, Ministry of Health operations, and other</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">public health functions to a United Nations-designated</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">agency or consortium. Such a mechanism would</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">be equivalent to putting the health system into a</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-RegularItalic; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-RegularItalic">receivership </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular">pursuant to the existence of a circumstance</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">that meets the criteria for the Responsibility to Protect.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">If the government of Zimbabwe refuses to yield such</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">control, the U.N. Security Council, acting pursuant to its</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">authority under Article 39 of the Charter, should enact</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">a resolution compelling the Government of Zimbabwe</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">to do so.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Medium; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Medium"><font face="Times New Roman">3. Refer the situation in Zimbabwe to the International</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Medium; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Medium"><font face="Times New Roman">Criminal Court for crimes against</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Medium; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Medium"><font face="Times New Roman">humanity</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">The U.N. Security Council, acting pursuant to its</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">authority under Article 41 of the U.N. Charter, should</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">enact a resolution referring the crisis in Zimbabwe to</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">the International Criminal Court for investigation and</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">to begin the process of compiling documentary and</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">other evidence that would support the charge of crimes</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">against humanity.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Medium; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Medium"><font face="Times New Roman">4. Convene an emergency summit on HIV/AIDS,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Medium; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Medium"><font face="Times New Roman">tuberculosis and other infectious diseases</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">Donor governments and the Global Fund should</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">consider this crisis as a first test-case of the collapse</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">of a health system in a country that is a recipient of</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">emergency AIDS and TB prevention and treatment</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">programs. The Obama Administration, together with</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">the Global Fund and other donors, should convene an</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">emergency summit to coordinate action to address</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">the current acute shortfalls in AIDS and Tuberculosis</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">treatment and care.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Medium; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Medium"><font face="Times New Roman">5. Prevent further nutritional deterioration and</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Medium; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Medium"><font face="Times New Roman">ensure household food security</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">To prevent further deterioration of nutritional</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">status, especially among the most vulnerable (young</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">children, mothers, HIV/AIDS, and TB sufferers), the</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">international community needs urgently to fully fund</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">the 2009 Consolidated Appeal (CAP) for Zimbabwe of</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">$550 million USD. Importantly, donor governments</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">must ensure non-interference by the current governing</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">regime in obstructing, diverting, politicizing, or looting</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">such humanitarian aid. The United States as well</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">as other donor governments and private voluntary</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">organizations should increase donations of appropriate</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">foods to the responsible multilateral agencies, such as</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">WFP, to meet the impending shortfall in the coming</font></span></p>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">three to six months.</font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: DIN-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Regular"><font face="Times New Roman">FOR THE FUL REPORT, GO TO <a href="http://www.physiciansforhumanrights.org/">www.physiciansforhumanrights.org</a> </font></span></div>
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