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<p align="justify"><font face="Trebuchet MS" size="3">Health systems should have the right-to-health features identified in a special report published on-line today—human rights day and the 60 year anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights—in <i>The Lancet. </i>Furthermore<i> The Lancet</i> right to health report concludes that such right-to-health features are legally binding and not optional extras and also that governments must be held to account to ensure that health systems have, in practice, the features required by international human-rights law.</font> <br>
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<p align="justify"><font face="Trebuchet MS" size="3">60 years ago the Universal Declaration on Human Rights laid the foundations for the right to the highest attainable standard of health—a right that is also integral to subsequent human rights treaties such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In 2000, an authoritative understanding of the right to health emerged when the UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights working in close collaboration with WHO and others, drafted and adopted general comment 14—that provides a common right-to-health language for talking about health issues and sets out a way of analysing the right to health making it easier for policy makers and practitioners to use.</font> <br>
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<p align="justify"><font face="Trebuchet MS" size="3">The right to health is central to the creation of equitable health systems yet this fundamental right is often overlooked by the health sector and the international community—perhaps because they don't know what this right means in practice.</font> <br>
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<p align="justify"><font face="Trebuchet MS" size="3">To help overcome this problem, in collaboration with experts around the world, Paul Hunt, former UN Special Rapporteur for the Right to Health and professor of human rights at the University of Essex, and colleagues identified 72 indicators—divided into 15 groups—that reflect some of the right to health features for health systems. </font><font face="Calibri" size="3">The first objective was to encourage awareness of the complementary relationship between health systems and the right to the highest attainable standards of health.</font><font face="Trebuchet MS" size="3"> Other objectives included: Do countries health systems have relevant right to health features? Are the relevant data available at the global level? Do the data provide a basis to monitor, over time, health systems and the progressive realisation of the right to the highest attainable standard of health?</font> <br>
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<p align="justify"><font face="Trebuchet MS" size="3">Hunt and colleagues then collected data for these 72 indicators for 194 countries (generated from the WHO member list of 2000 and those countries listed in the UN Development programme) and used five countries—Sweden, Mozambique, Romania, Peru and Ecuador—as case examples. A key finding of this study is the lack of globally available data for a substantial number of the indicators, which is an important finding in its own right and severely limits monitoring the progress made towards progressive realisation of the right to health. </font> <br>
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<p align="justify"><font face="Trebuchet MS" size="3">Some key findings on the globally collected data are listed below:</font> <br></p>
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<li><font face="Trebuchet MS" size="3">Despite the majority of countries ratifying three major human right treaties that include the right to health (the most noticeable exception is the USA) —indicator 1—only 56 countries that have ratified the ICESCR include the right to health in their constitution or other statute—indicator 2. The UK has not done so but as the authors point out, the Department of Health in England, UK, has recently commissioned an assessment of the effectiveness of implementing a human rights approach in health and social care.</font> </li>
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<p align="justify"><font face="Trebuchet MS" size="3">Recognition of the right to health in international treaties, national constitutions, and other statutes gives rise to the legal obligation for countries to ensure that their health systems have certain right-to-health features and also that the performance and quality of health systems improve over time. </font> <br>
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<li><font face="Trebuchet MS" size="3">Non-discrimination is a key right-to-health feature. Indicator 3 lists 11 treaty-based grounds of discrimination. The treaty-based grounds of discrimination most commonly protected by law was ethnic origin (122 countries), whereas the least protected was age (13 countries). However, 95 countries protect only five or less treaty-based grounds of discrimination (the UK protects 8) and none protects all 11. </font></li>
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<li><font face="Trebuchet MS" size="3">People with mental illnesses are frequently neglected and discriminated against. Indicator 50 shows the proportion of the national health budget allocated to mental health. Of 98 countries for which data were available, almost half allocated 2% or less of their national budget to mental health. The UK allocates 10% and the USA 6%.</font> </li>
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<li><font face="Trebuchet MS" size="3">Health information is a prominent feature of the right-to-health and so features prominently in the profile of indicators (6-16) particularly maternal and neonatal deaths and the civil registration system. Only 69 countries obtained, centralised, and made these data publicly available. 122 have a civil registration system however many of these are incomplete with fewer than 90% of events registered.</font> </li>
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<li><font face="Trebuchet MS" size="3">According to general comment 14, the adoption of a national-public-health strategy and plan of action is a core obligation. 57 countries have done a situational analysis—an essential precondition of a comprehensive health plan. Indicator 22 reports whether the national health plan includes an explicit commitment to universal access to health services, defined as access to primary, secondary, and tertiary physical or mental care. Information for the UK and USA on indicator 22 is not available. Health plans of 15 countries include an explicit commitment to universal access to health services (Antigua and Barbuda, Bahrain, Botswana, Chile, North Korea, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Libya, Mauritius, Mozambique, Peru, Seychelles, Timor-Leste, Uruguay, and Yemen.)</font> </li>
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<li><font face="Trebuchet MS" size="3">Despite participation being one of the core requirements of the right to health, no global data were available for indicator 23-- Is there a legal requirement for participation with marginalised groups in the development of a health plan?</font> </li>
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<li><font face="Trebuchet MS" size="3">Monitoring, assessment, accountability, and redress is a crucial part of documenting progress towards realising the right to health However global data for these factors were crucially lacking. For example, there was no global data available for indicator 69 that attempted to address quasi-judicial accountability by asking countries if their national human rights institutions with mandates include the right to health</font> </li>
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<p align="justify"><font face="Trebuchet MS" size="3">Based on their findings in the report, the authors give 38 specific recommendations for different sectors and actors—WHO and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, UN agencies, national governments, civil society, research institutes, and donors. For example, the authors recommend that WHO and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights adopt a stewardship role in the collection and collation of data for right-to-health features of a health system and that national governments explicitly recognise the right to health, and right-to-health features, such as access to essential medicines, in the national constitution or statute. Other recommendations include recommending that research institutions assist national governments to do health, and human-rights impact assessments, donors recognise the importance of strengthening health systems in international assistance, and that civil society participates in health system monitoring and planning.</font> <br>
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<p align="justify"><font face="Trebuchet MS" size="3">The authors conclude: "Those with responsibilities for health systems are giving inadequate attention to the right-to-health analysis. Our main overarching recommendation is that all those with health-related responsibilities explicitly consider the right-to-health analysis and integrate this human right into their policies and practices with a view to strengthening health systems." </font> <br>
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<p align="justify"><font face="Trebuchet MS" size="3">They continue, "This project rests on the conviction that an equitable health system is a core social institution, no less than a fair court system or a democratic political system."</font></p>
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