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<div class="gmail_quote">From: <b class="gmail_sendername">Camila Giugliani</b> <span dir="ltr"><a href="mailto:giugli@hotmail.com">giugli@hotmail.com</a></span><br>
<div><br>> <br>> The Lancet released a special report on the right to health on 10 December 2008, International Human Rights Day, to mark the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. "Health systems and the right to health: An assessment of 194 countries" and accompanying editorial and comments are available at <a href="http://www.thelancet.com/" target="_blank">www.thelancet.com</a> (subscription required).<br>
> <br>> United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon launched a campaign a year ago to increase knowledge and awareness of human rights. However, "the health sector has been strikingly silent, which is tremendously disappointing given that the foundation for the right to health is laid out in this historic document," according to an editorial accompanying The Lancet's report. The editorial attributes this to "the general lack of understanding about what the right to health is and what it means in practice…The right to health is a legal instrument - a crucial and constructive tool for the health sector to provide the best care for patients and to hold national governments, and the international community, to account…Health workers, health policymakers, and all who care about the health of individuals, groups, and the global population, should mainstream the right to health by using this valuable and practical tool in their everyday practice." The editorial, "The right to health: From rhetoric to reality," is available at <a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)61814-0/fulltext" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)61814-0/fulltext</a>.<br>
> <br>> "Health systems and the right to health: An assessment of 194 countries" (<a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)61781-X/fulltext" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)61781-X/fulltext</a>) reports on 72 indicators that reflect "right to health" features for health systems. Data were collected for these 72 indicators in 194 countries; five countries — Sweden, Mozambique, Romania, Peru and Ecuador — were used as case examples.<br>
> <br>> A key finding of the report is the lack of globally available data for a substantial number of the indicators, which severely limits monitoring progress made towards progressive realization of the right to health.<br>
> <br>> Other key findings include:<br>> - Despite the majority of countries ratifying three major human right treaties that include the right to health, only 56 countries that have ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights include the right to health in their constitution or other statute.<br>
> - Recognition of the right to health in international treaties, national constitutions, and other statutes gives rise to the legal obligation for countries to ensure that their health systems have certain right-to-health features and also that the performance and quality of health systems improve over time. <br>
> - Non-discrimination is a key right-to-health feature. The treaty-based grounds of discrimination most commonly protected by law was ethnic origin; the least protected was age.<br>> - People with mental illnesses are frequently neglected and discriminated against. Of 98 countries for which data were available, almost half allocated 2% or less of their national budget to mental health.<br>
> - Health information is a prominent feature of the right-to-health, particularly maternal and neonatal deaths and the civil registration system.<br>> - The adoption of a national public health strategy and plan of action is a core obligation.<br>
> - Monitoring, assessment, accountability, and redress is a crucial part of documenting progress towards realizing the right to health.<br>> <br>> Based on their findings, the authors make 38 specific recommendations including:<br>
> - WHO and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights should adopt a stewardship role in the collection and collation of data for right-to-health features of a health system.<br>> - National governments should explicitly recognize the right to health, and right-to-health features, such as access to essential medicines, in the national constitution or statute.<br>
> - Research institutions should assist national governments to conduct health and human rights impact assessments.<br>> - Donors should recognize the importance of strengthening health systems in international assistance.<br>
> - Civil society should participate in health system monitoring and planning.<br>> <br>> In an accompanying comment, "Right to health and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights" (<a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)61783-3/fulltext" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)61783-3/fulltext</a>), Navanethem Pillay, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights says: "The right to health is a fundamental part of our human rights and our understanding of a life in dignity…As UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, I share the commitment of the international human-rights machinery to realizing the right to health. Promoting and securing the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is ethical; it is a legal obligation and a step towards our fight to end poverty, discrimination, and exclusion."<br>
> <br>> In another comment, "Why and how is health a human right?" (<a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)61784-5/fulltext" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)61784-5/fulltext</a>), Amartya Sen, Professor in Philosophy and Economics at Harvard University, says: "In doing a special issue on the right to health, The Lancet is helping to draw attention to an extraordinary important subject that does not as get much attention as it deserves…There are political, social, economic, scientific, and cultural actions that we can take for advancing the cause of good health for all. Indeed, this special issue, which is aimed at knowledge and understanding of the parameters of the right to health, is itself a contribution to that splendid cause. In seeing health as a right, we acknowledge the need for a strong social commitment to good health. There are few things as important as that in the contemporary world."<br>
> <br>> Additional comments include:<br>> - "Rights-based approaches to improve people's health in Peru" (<a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)61785-7/fulltext" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)61785-7/fulltext</a>) by Ariel Frisancho and Jay Goulden of CARE Peru.<br>
> - "Gender equality and the right to health" (<a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)61786-9/fulltext" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)61786-9/fulltext</a>) by Hedia Belhadj and Aminata Touré of UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund.<br>
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