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<div class="gmail_quote">From: <b class="gmail_sendername">Villar Montesinos, Eugenio Raul</b> <span dir="ltr"><a href="mailto:villare@who.int">villare@who.int</a></span><br>
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<p><span lang="en-gb"><b><font face="Times New Roman">Remarks at the United Nations General Assembly<br>New York City, United States of America<br>24 October 2008</font></b></span> <br><span lang="en-gb"><b><font face="Times New Roman" size="6">Globalization and health</font></b></span> <br>
<span lang="en-gb"><b><font face="Times New Roman" size="5">Dr Margaret Chan<br>Director-General of the World Health Organization</font></b></span> <br><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">Madame Chairperson of the Second Committee, Professor J. Sachs, distinguished speakers of the panel, members of the diplomatic community, ladies and gentlemen,</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">Thank you for this opportunity to join you. The choice of "Globalization and health" for this panel discussion is indeed farsighted. The role of the diplomatic corps is crucial in many of the key global health issues. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">We are meeting at a time of crisis. We face a fuel crisis, a food crisis, a severe financial crisis, and a climate that has begun to change in ominous ways. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">All of these crises have global causes and global consequences. All have profound, and profoundly unfair, consequences for health.</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">Let me be very clear at the start. The health sector had no say when the policies responsible for these crises were made. But health bears the brunt.</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">For climate change, all the experts tell us: developing countries will be the first and hardest hit. The warming of the planet will be gradual, but the effects of more frequent extreme weather events will be abrupt and acutely felt. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">We can already measure the costs to health of floods, tropical storms, drought, water scarcity, heat waves and air pollution in cities. We can already measure the costs when the international community is called upon to provide humanitarian assistance. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">Climate change is by its very nature a global event. These calls for international assistance will become more frequent, and more intense, at a time when all countries are stressed by the pressures of climate change and the costs of adaptation.</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">According to the latest projections, Africa will be severely affected as early as 2020. This is just a dozen years away. By that date, increased water stress is expected to affect from 75 million to 250 million Africans. A dozen years from now, crop yields in some African countries are expected to drop by 50%. Imagine the impact on food security and malnutrition. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">In many African countries, agriculture remains the principal economic activity, and agricultural products are the principal source of export trade. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">Vast rural populations survive, hand-to-mouth, on subsistence farming. There is no surplus. There is no coping capacity.</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">Imagine what the current crisis of soaring food prices means in developing countries, where the average household spends as much as 80% of disposable income on food. Again, there is no surplus, no coping capacity to absorb the shocks. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">And there are other consequences. Food choices are highly sensitive to price increases. </font></span><br><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">The first things to drop out of the diet are the healthy foods, which are nearly always the most expensive</font> <font face="Tahoma">–</font><font face="Times New Roman"> like fruits and vegetables, and high quality sources of protein. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">The result: processed foods, full of fat and sugar and low in essential nutrients, become the cheapest way to fill a hungry stomach. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">Have you ever watched a news report on malnutrition and noticed that the babies and children, with their vacant eyes and swollen bellies, are often attended by overweight adults? </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">Well, here is the answer. The cheap foods that make adults fat starve children of absolutely essential nutrients. Children who do not receive protein and other nutrients during early development are damaged for the rest of their lives.</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">When something so fundamental to life as food is priced beyond the reach of the poor, we know that something in our world has gone terribly wrong.</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">Ladies and gentlemen, </font></span><br><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">Last week, WHO issued its annual World Health Report. The report critically assessed the way that health care is organized, financed, and delivered in rich and poor countries around the world. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">It documents a number of failures and shortcomings that have left the health status of different populations, both within and between countries, dangerously out of balance. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">The report found striking inequalities in health outcomes, in access to care, and in what people have to pay for care. Let me give some examples. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">Differences in life expectancy between the richest and poorest countries are now greater than 40 years. </font></span><br><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">Of the estimated 136 million women who will give birth this year, around 58 million will receive no medical assistance whatsoever during childbirth and the postpartum period, endangering their lives and that of their infants. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">Globally, annual government expenditure on health varies from as little as US$ 20 per person to well over US$ 6000. </font></span><br><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">For 5.6 billion people in low- and middle-income countries, more than half of all health care expenditure is through out-of-pocket payments. This is an extremely inefficient situation for health care. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">When people have to pay for care, they tend to wait until a condition is so far advanced that treatment is difficult, if not impossible, and the costs are much higher. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">With the costs of health care rising and systems for financial protection in disarray, personal expenditures on health now push more than 100 million people below the poverty line each year. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">This is a very bitter irony. At a time when the international community supports health as a key driver of economic progress and a route to poverty reduction, the costs of health care are themselves a cause of poverty for many millions of people. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">Like the global crises we are experiencing, this reality flies in the face of steady progress and promising trends experienced since the start of this century. These trends and realities show us the two sides of globalization, a bright side and a very dark one.</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">Ladies and gentlemen,</font></span> <br><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">In August of this year, the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health issued its final report. The striking gaps in health outcomes are its main concern, and greater equity is the objective. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">The report challenges governments to make equity an explicit policy objective in all government sectors. Political decisions ultimately determine how economies are managed, how societies are structured, and whether vulnerable and deprived groups receive social protection. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">Gaps in health outcomes are not matters of fate. They are markers of policy failure. </font></span><br><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">The report contains a particularly striking statement that raised some eyebrows and caused some scepticism back in August. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">Let me quote. "Implementation of the Commission's recommendations depends on changes in the functioning of the global economy." </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">Since when has the health sector ever had the power to change the global economy? On the contrary, health has traditionally been at the mercy of the global economy, a sector where budgets can be cut when the money gets tight.</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">Shortly after the commission published its report, the Economist news magazine ran a review which praised the significance of the report's arguments and recommendations. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">But, as the Economist observed, the report was largely "howling at the moon" when it attacked global imbalances in the distribution of power and money.</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">Let me ask you: how does this statement sound right now, with the global financial system on the verge of collapse? Is it not right for health and multiple other sectors to ask for some changes in the functioning of the global economy?</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">As I have mentioned, globalization has its bright and its dark sides. It brings benefits. It can increase wealth. And it inspires a sense of solidarity and shared responsibility for health. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">But here is the problem: globalization has no rules that guarantee the fair or balanced distribution of benefits. </font></span><br><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">As the commission noted, the economic benefits of globalization tend to go to countries and populations that are already well off, leaving others further and further behind.</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">Ladies and gentlemen,</font></span> <br><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">I believe that our world is out of balance in matters of health as never before. This should not be the case. </font></span><br>
<span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">Health is the very foundation of economic productivity and prosperity. Balanced health status within a population contributes to social cohesion and stability. A prosperous and stable population is an asset in every country.</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">This world will not become a fair place for health all by itself. Economic developments within a country will not automatically protect the poor or guarantee universal access to health care. Health systems will not automatically gravitate towards greater fairness and efficiency. International trade and economic agreements will not automatically consider the impact on health. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">Nor will globalization self-regulate in ways that favour fairness in the distribution of benefits. Deliberate policy decisions are needed in all these areas.</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">I believe there is no sector better placed than health to insist on equity and social justice. Let me use just one example. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">The AIDS epidemic demonstrated the relevance of equity and universal access in a very clear way. With the advent of antiretroviral therapy, an ability to access medicines and services became equivalent to an ability to survive for many millions of people. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">AIDS helped make one point crystal clear : equity in health really is a matter of life or death.</font></span> <br><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#ff0000">Equity in access to health care comes to the fore as a way of holding globalization accountable, of channelling globalization in ways that ensure a more fair distribution of benefits, a more balanced and healthy world.</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">Ladies and gentlemen,</font></span> <br><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">Some things need to be said. The policies governing the international systems that link us all so closely together need to be more foresighted. They need to look beyond financial gains, benefits for trade, and economic growth for its own sake.</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">They need to be put to the true test. What impact do they have on poverty, misery, and ill health</font> <font face="Tahoma">–</font><font face="Times New Roman"> in other words, the progress of a civilized world? Do they contribute to greater fairness in the distribution of benefits? Or are they leaving this world more and more out of balance, especially in matters of health? </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">Thirty years ago, the Declaration of Alma-Ata launched primary health care as the route to greater fairness in health. This year's World Health Report calls for a renewal of primary health care.</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">The visionary thinkers in 1978 could not have foreseen subsequent world events: an oil crisis, a global recession, and the emergence of a world-transforming disease like HIV/AIDS.</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">In the recession that followed the launch of the Alma-Ata Declaration 30 years ago, huge mistakes were made in the restructuring of national budgets. Health throughout sub-Saharan Africa and in large parts of Latin America and Asia has still not recovered from these mistakes. </font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">If history tends to repeat itself, can we not at least learn from the past and avoid repeating mistakes? </font></span><br><span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">There is too much at stake, right now, in our turbulent and tottering world, to make the same mistakes yet again.</font></span> <br>
<span lang="en-gb"><font face="Times New Roman">Thank you.</font></span> </p></div></div><br>