<div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">30<sup>th</sup> September 2008</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 6pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><font size="3">Overview:</font></span></b></p>
<p class="western" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">A regional consultation on <i>Free Trade Agreements and their Impact on Access to Medicines</i> was held from 25<sup>th</sup> to 27<sup>th</sup> August 2008 in Bangkok, Thailand. It was organised by Health Action International Asia-Pacific (HAIAP)<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[1]</span></span></span></span> in collaboration with the Health & Development Foundation, the Drug Study Group (DSG), the Social Pharmacy Research Unit and the Health Consumer Protection Program (HCP) of Chulalongkorn University, Thailand. The consultation was organised to critically analyse the impact of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) on access to medicines, and to disseminate information about proliferating FTAs, especially between developed and developing countries. It was particularly timely in light of the fact that many countries are entering or negotiating FTAs with the United States, despite concerns raised related to the negative impact of FTAs with TRIPS-Plus Provisions<span class="MsoEndnoteReference">2</span>, and the contraction of economic growth in developing countries through trade liberalisation.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 6pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font size="3"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Background:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">In an FTA between a developed country and a developing country or countries, the latter are in a weaker bargaining position due to their weaker negotiating strengths. It has been observed that many trade-related measures benefiting developed nations, which have been rejected or subjected to flexibilities at the World Trade Organisation (WTO), are now being imposed upon developing countries through the plethora of FTAs signed, especially with the US. The consultation organised by HAIAP focused on the effects of FTAs relating to Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and access to medicines/healthcare services.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 6pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><font size="3">Latest Developments:</font></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Thailand – </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">began negotiations on an FTA with the US in 2004, which included TRIPS-Plus provisions such as, extension of the patent term<span class="MsoEndnoteReference">3</span>, data exclusivity<span class="MsoEndnoteReference">4</span> and limitations for compulsory licensing<span class="MsoEndnoteReference">5</span>. Due to advocacy and campaigning involving the public, the negotiations failed. The new Thai Government is on the verge of reopening negotiations with the US. The country is also involved in the current EU-ASEAN negotiations. Thai Patent Law is currently being re-written by the Ministry of Commerce. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 6pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span></p>
<p class="Default" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 468.0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">India – </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">negotiating</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> an FTA with the EU<span class="MsoEndnoteReference">6</span> at present, to be concluded by 2009 followed by a transition period of 7 years. This FTA includes a provision for IP issues concerning data exclusivity although Indian law does not allow it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Recently the Indian government has taken initiatives to procure medicines at competitive rates for the benefit of the public sector. The EU is keen on negotiating the government procurement of medicines under the EU-India FTA, whilst Indian negotiators continue to hold out on this provision. </span></p>
<p class="Default" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 6pt; COLOR: white; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span></p>
<div class="Default" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Australia - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">the Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme (PBS) of Australia ensures equity of access to necessary drugs for all Australians at an affordable price. The recently </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">concluded</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> AUSFTA<span class="MsoEndnoteReference">7</span> has raised public health and consumer concern that it could undermine the public health interests that underpinned PBS<span class="MsoEndnoteReference">8</span>. The negotiated FTA focuses entirely on the rights of manufacturers of innovative pharmaceutical products. It does not mention the rights of consumers for equitable access to affordable drugs. It ignored the crucial role of generic manufacturers in protecting public health (by moderating prices when patents have expired or during health emergencies). Provisions in the FTA will facilitate the process where original patent owners seek to evergreen</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: white; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(prolong) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">their exclusive rights over b</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">lockbuster</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> pharmaceuticals, whilst making spurious 'claims' over new formulations or ingredients.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"></span> </div>
<div class="Default" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Sri Lanka - </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">was discussing a trade agreement with the Indian government in order to liberalise trade services. Called the Comprehensive Economic Partnerships Agreement (CEPA), healthcare was one of the important sectors under consideration for liberalisation. Due to political pressures, CEPA negotiations failed. Following this, the India-Sri Lanka Foundation was created and a Memorandum of Understanding<span class="MsoEndnoteReference">9</span> was signed. This document contains areas which may jeopardise national health goals and the equitable distribution of healthcare.<b><span style="COLOR: #006666"></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span></b></p>
<p class="Default" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Malaysia - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">the Malaysia-US FTA<span class="MsoEndnoteReference">10</span> is an example of a new breed of bilateral agreements which are not merely about trade. It is much broader in scope and encompasses a range of economic and social issues. The deal focuses on increased US exports to Malaysia, opening up of services, increased obligations on IPRs beyond the requirements of TRIPS. It also includes provisions related to investment, government procurement and competition policy. Malaysia is likely to suffer costs in terms of having to give up policy space (freedom to be able to institute policies for national development) and the use of policy instruments with ensuing socio-economic and political implications.<u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><font size="3">Concerns:</font></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Bargaining an FTA is a serious exercise as outcomes can have extreme impacts on development policy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>While it can result in certain export gains, it may also: a) increase imports with implications on trade balance and debt position; b) facilitate import surges as tariffs decline or are eliminated, adversely affecting local industries; c) reduce tariff revenue, affecting government budget; and d) restrict and, in some cases, remove policy space or options and instruments available to a country in order to institute certain social, economic and development policies. Universal healthcare coverage schemes existing in certain countries will be greatly threatened due to patent life extensions, data exclusivity and limitations on compulsory licensing as proposed by US FTAs.<b><span style="COLOR: #006666"></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Data exclusivity is opposed, rightly so, by the generics industry because of the serious impact it would have on the domestic industry. Generics make positive contributions towards the community, as they are cheaper and do not compromise on quality.<i> </i>Two Thai studies conducted on FTAs<span class="MsoEndnoteReference">11</span> and their impact on access to medicines revealed that one year of data exclusivity (best case scenario) can increase the drug expenditures from 257 million to 2,636 million Bahts a year. In the worst case scenario, a 10-year exclusivity extension increases expenditure from 21,456 million to 33,466 million Bahts a year. Similar concerns were raised in a study done by PAHO<sup>12</sup> regarding FTAs signed with the US in the Americas. In Australia too worries are that an AUSFTA aimed at 'rewarding innovation' would ultimately result in higher prices for patented drugs and less generic competition. These fears have now been realised by the creation of a new category of PBS medicines (F1), which is likely to maintain higher prices for some patented medicines. This change appears to be a direct outcome of the AUSFTA.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference">13</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">The ambiguity of negotiations as well as the haste to complete them according to the timetable set by the US raises serious concerns that need to be urgently addressed. <b><span style="COLOR: #006666"></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><font size="3">Recommendations:</font></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">The following civil society strategies will be useful to actively promote access to medicines for all:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: list 0cm left 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="11" alt="*" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/KeyBios/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/04/clip_image001.gif" width="11"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">CONTROL medicines prices to match cost of living </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">- this includes promoting efficacious enforcement of Drug Price Control Law, particularly on patented drugs and drugs with monopoly power. Governments must be encouraged to use TRIPS flexibilities such as compulsory licensing and parallel imports. <b><span style="COLOR: #006666"></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: list 0cm left 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="8" alt="*" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/KeyBios/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/04/clip_image001.gif" width="8"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">REINFORCE efficacy of domestic generic drug manufactures</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> – enhancing the availability of essential drugs to solve health problems and production of import-substituted drugs are important steps towards the capacity-building of domestic drug manufacturers. Governments must promote the use of the Bolar provision (regulatory exception) that allows generic manufacturers to develop the technology of patented drugs before patent expiry. This will enable research and development (R&D) that accelerates the registration of generic versions before the patent protection expires. In this context, the establishment of clinical research centres should be encouraged and the efficient implementation of the drug registration system must be ensured. Developing regional cooperation amongst countries to expand market size in order to create a profitable market for investment will benefit domestic drug manufacture. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: list 0cm left 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="8" alt="*" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/KeyBios/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/04/clip_image001.gif" width="8"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">STRATEGISE just and fair practices</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> - there should be no TRIPS-Plus provisions within an FTA.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 3pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 18.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">IPR protection must be excluded from FTAs. Developing patent databases to facilitate quick, easy and comprehensive searching, particularly for pharmaceutical patents, will be advantageous for developing countries. IP Acts in countries must be amended to promote just and fair practices. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 3pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: list 0cm left 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="11" alt="*" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/KeyBios/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/05/clip_image001.gif" width="11"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">ENDORSE rational use of drugs</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> - the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM)<span class="MsoEndnoteReference">14</span> must be constantly updated to be comprehensive enough to cover all diseases that are of public health importance. Public and private facilities must be called upon to adopt the NLEM in a rigorous manner. The use of International Non-proprietary Names or generic names at all levels must be encouraged. Healthcare professionals should take the leading role in promoting the proper and rational use of drugs, notably the use of generic drugs.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 3pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: list 0cm left 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="11" alt="*" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/KeyBios/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/05/clip_image001.gif" width="11"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">ADVOCATE people-orientated new drug R&D </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">- new medicines R&D must be driven by public health needs. Feasibility studies must be undertaken to find alternative approaches or methods apart from the patent system to promote research on new drugs.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 3pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: list 0cm left 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="11" alt="*" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/KeyBios/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/05/clip_image001.gif" width="11"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">DEVELOP experts network for access to healthcare and medicines</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> - it is important to gain support from vast faculties of skilled community such as governments, lawyers, academics, pharmacists, civil society organisations (CSOs), international NGOs and the media. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 3pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: list 0cm left 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="11" alt="*" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/KeyBios/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/05/clip_image001.gif" width="11"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">UTILISE public discussion to ensure direct democracy</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> - public awareness, participation and transparency should be essential elements of any national discussion on a FTA. Conducting referenda and cost-benefit analyses consulting all stakeholders before further negotiations, is crucial and will stimulate the mobilisation of informed health consumers who make up the general public.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 3pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 18.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 6pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 3pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><font size="3">Conclusions:</font></span></b></p>
<p class="Default" style="MARGIN: 0cm 3pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">A patent is in actual fact, a limited right and <i>not</i> an absolute property. It is a privilege that a state or global community grants to a patent-holder to advance invention for human good. The right to protect citizens so sustainable healthcare can be achieved is as lawful and as genuine a validation. It is imperative and justifiable that human rights are taken into account when negotiating a FTA, as it will undoubtedly </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">affect the different aspects of life and all sections of our society. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 3pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 18.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 6pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 3pt 0pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 18.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">References:</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 3pt 0pt 9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 9.0pt"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[1]</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Visit<span style="COLOR: #006666"> <a href="http://ww.haiap.org/"><span style="COLOR: #006666">http://www.haiap.org</span></a></span> to read more about HAIAP campaigns on Access to Essential Medicines (AEM), the Rational Use of Medicines (RUM) and Democratisation of Medicines Policies (DMP).</span></p>
<p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 9.0pt"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">2</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">To learn more about the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) go to <span style="COLOR: #006666"><a href="http://www.wto.org/"><span style="COLOR: #006666">http://www.wto.org</span></a></span> .</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 9.0pt"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">3</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">In most countries, patents on drugs last 20 years from date of filing, as required by WTO.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>The US is seeking to reimburse drug companies for any irrational time a national drug authority or patent office spends on examining or approving a patent application.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 9.0pt"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">4</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">Data submitted by a patent holder to drug regulatory authorities to obtain market approval for its safety, cannot be made use of as part of the drug regulatory approval process for other applicants.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Thus a generic drug producer, who has already been given permission under a compulsory license (TRIPS flexibility) to sell or produce a generic version of a patented drug, can make use of that data when seeking safety approval from authorities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>However, in bilateral FTAs the US seeks to establish or expand 'exclusive rights' over test data provided by the originator companies to prevent the registration of an equivalent generic version of the drug, thus preventing compulsory licensing and curbing the supply of generic drugs.</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 3pt 0pt 9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 9.0pt"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">5</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>During a public health emergency, authorities are allowed to issue a compulsory license (within TRIPS flexibilities) which will allow generic production of an expensive patented drug. US-FTAs seek to limit the circumstances under which compulsory licenses on drugs are issued. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 3pt 0pt 9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 9.0pt"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">6</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">For more information on EU-India FTA visit </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/trade"><span style="COLOR: #006666">http://ec.europa.eu/trade</span></a> .</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 3pt 0pt 9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 9.0pt"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">7</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">Learn more about AUSFTA at </span><a href="http://www.austrade.gov.au/"><span style="COLOR: #006666">http://www.austrade.gov.au</span></a> .</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 3pt 0pt 9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 9.0pt"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">8</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> Harvey KJ, Faunce FA, Lokuge, Drahos P, 'Will the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement undermine the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme?' (MJA 2004); 181: 256-259.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 3pt 0pt 9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 9.0pt"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">9</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Find more details on the Memorandum of Understanding at <a href="http://www.indiasrilankafoundation.com/"><span style="COLOR: #006666; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">http://</span><span style="COLOR: #006666">www.indiasrilankafoundation.com</span></a> .</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 9.0pt"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">10</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> The site <a href="http://www.ftamalaysia.org/"><span style="COLOR: #006666">http://www.ftamalaysia.org</span></a> has more details on the Malaysia-US FTA.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 9.0pt"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">11</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Akaleephan, Chutima et al, 'Impact of Intellectual Property Rights Prolongation on Pharmaceutical Products: Price and Accessibility' (Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2005), pp 76-79;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Limpananont, Jiraporn et al, 'Impact of Thai-US FTA on Expansion of Intellectual Property Rights and Mitigation Measures: Dimensions of Access to Medicines and Health' (2008), unpublished research report.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 9.0pt"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">12</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> The Pan-American Health Organisation (PAHO) is the regional office of WHO for the Americas (<span style="COLOR: #006666"> <a href="http://www.paho.org/"><span style="COLOR: #006666">http://www.paho.org</span></a></span> ).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 9.0pt"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">13</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Harvey KJ, Harris AH, Bulfone L, 'the National Health Amendment (Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme) Bill 2007: Reform or Fracture?' (MJA 2007); 187 (4): 206-207.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -9pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 9.0pt"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #006666; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">14</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">The selection of essential medicines based on due regard to public health relevance, quality, safety, efficacy and comparative cost-effectiveness. NLEMs are the outcomes of the World Health Organisation's (WHO) Model Essential Medicines List, a prototype for governments created in 1977 (<span style="COLOR: #006666"> <a href="http://www.who.org/"><span style="COLOR: #006666">http://www.who.org</span></a></span> ).</span></p>
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