<br><span class="gmail_quote">From: <b class="gmail_sendername">Scott Long</b> <a href="mailto:longs@hrw.org">longs@hrw.org</a><br><br></span>
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<p><font face="Arial" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">As many of you know, Human Rights Watch has been closely involved in campaigning against the recent arrests and trials of people living with HIV in Egypt. Attached (and pasted in the text below) is the final draft of a letter to the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population regarding this crackdown, and particularly the participation by Ministry doctors and other medical personnel. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are sponsoring this letter, and wish to invite signatures of organizations working on the right to health, including the human rights of people living with HIV/AIDS </span></font></p>
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<p><font face="Arial" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">We would like to collect organizational signatures by close of business EST on Friday, March 28. The letter will be sent (in Arabic) and released with a press release early the following week. (Verdicts are expected to be announced in the latest trial in Cairo on April 9.</span></font></p>
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<p><font face="Arial" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Please let me know if you represent a right-to-health or HIV/AIDS organization that is willing to sign on. Feel free as well to circulate the letter. And please send your responses to <a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="mailto:longs@hrw.org" target="_blank"><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: windowtext">longs@hrw.org</span></font></a>, by March 28.</span></font></p>
<p><font face="Arial" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Human Rights Watch</span></font></p>
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<p><b><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">LETTER REGARDING ARRESTS AND PROSECUTIONS OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS</span></font></b></p>
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<p><b><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Lead sponsors:<br>Human Rights Watch</span></font></b></p>
<p><b><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Amnesty International</span></font></b></p>
<p><b><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></b></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">To: Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population</span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egyptian Doctors' Syndicate</span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">cc: National AIDS Program</span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Dear ...</span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">We write you urgently to voice concern over the arrest and trial of men in Egypt for alleged homosexual conduct, apparently based on men's suspected HIV serostatus. We are concerned that medical personnel may have been complicit, or actively participated, in acts violating the international norm prohibiting torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment. We are further concerned that the Ministry's involvement with the detention and interrogation of suspects in these cases condones or gives credit to myths about HIV/AIDS, in a way that is incompatible with the Ministry's public health responsibilities and can only contribute to the epidemic's spread. </span></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">We represent xx human rights organizations and organizations working to support the lives and rights of people living with HIV/AIDS. We are profoundly disturbed by these arrests and by the destructive attitudes they display. We urge you, as custodians of public health in Egypt and as leaders in the national struggle against AIDS, to affirm in your statements and, more importantly, to embody in your actions the reality that respecting human rights is the way to protect health. </span></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">In the last four months, Cairo police have arrested at least twelve men in an apparent campaign against people whom authorities suspect of being HIV-positive. </span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">This crackdown began in October 2007, when police stopped two men having an altercation in downtown Cairo. After one told the police he was HIV-positive, police arrested both of them, charged them with the "habitual practice of debauchery," beat them and coerced them to sign confessions, and interrogated them to extract the names of contacts, thus beginning the ongoing wave of arrests.<br>
<br>Doctors employed by the Ministry of Health and Population subjected the men to HIV tests without their consent. Doctors from the Forensic Medical Authority forcibly subjected the men to intrusive, medically valueless, and abusive forensic anal examinations to "prove" they had engaged in homosexual conduct. All those testing positive for HIV were held in Cairo hospitals, chained to their beds, until February 25, when it appears that an order was given to remove their handcuffs. One man reports that a prosecutor informing him that he was HIV positive told him, "People like you should be burnt alive. You do not deserve to live." </span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">A Cairo court convicted four of these men on January 13, 2008 under Article 9(c) of Law 10/1961, which criminalizes the "habitual practice of debauchery [fujur]" – a term used to penalize consensual homosexual conduct in Egyptian law. According to defense attorneys, the prosecution based its case on the coerced and repudiated statements taken from the men, without providing witnesses or other credible evidence to support the charges, which all the men denied. On February 2, 2008, a Cairo appeals court upheld their one-year prison sentences. Five more men were indicted on March 4 and face trial on April 9. Charges were dropped against the remaining three.<br>
<br>It is evident from this case that the Ministry of Health and Population has failed both to protect the rights of patients under its care, and to help ensure police and criminal-justice authorities do not act on the basis of false information about HIV prevention and transmission. </span></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">We are grateful for the removal of chains from those kept in hospitals, as well as the dropping of charges against a small number of those arrested. However, we note that court files in the case initially contained a questionnaire from the Ministry of Health and Population, titled "A questionnaire for patients with HIV/AIDS." It includes "yes" or "no" questions evidently used by doctors from the Ministry in this case to gather information from the men about whether they had sexual relations "with the other sex" or "with the same sex," or "with one person" or "with more than one person." Its inclusion suggests not only that private, patient information which should be confidential is shared with law enforcement, but that it may have been used by the prosecutors as evidence against the men. Information gained from patients should not be submitted in a criminal proceeding that itself violates human rights standards.</span></font></p>
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<p><font face="Arial" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">We recall that:</span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p>
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<li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">International law forbids discrimination on the basis of real or perceived HIV serostatus. Detaining people on the basis of their declared HIV status and testing them without their consent for HIV infection violate the prohibition of discrimination and the right to bodily autonomy.</span></font> </li>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p>
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<li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">As Human Rights Watch has documented in its research on Egypt, forensic anal examinations to detect "evidence" of homosexuality are medically spurious, and, conducted without consent under conditions of incarceration, constitute torture. </span></font> </li>
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<li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Beatings and physical abuse of people in detention also violate international legal prohibitions of torture and other ill-treatment. The United Nations' "Principles of Medical Ethics Relevant to the Role of Health Personnel, Particularly Physicians, in the Protection of Prisoners and Detainees Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment" state that it is a "gross contravention of medical ethics, as well as an offence under applicable international instruments, for health personnel, particularly physicians, to engage, actively or passively, in acts which constitute participation in, complicity in, incitement to or attempts to commit torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment."</span></font> </li>
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<p><font face="Arial" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font></p>
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<li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Criminalizing consensual, adult same-sex sexual conduct violates Egypt's obligations under international human rights law to respect and protect individual privacy and personal autonomy. The imprisonment of individuals for actual or alleged consensual same-sex relations between adults in private is a serious violation of human rights, and individuals held solely on that basis are victims of arbitrary detention who should be immediately and unconditionally released. </span></font> </li>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">We urge you to: </span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p>
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<li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Support the setting aside of the convictions of four men already sentenced for the "habitual practice of debauchery," and the immediate release and dropping of these charges against all others still facing trial. </span></font></li>
</ul>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p>
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<li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Seek a cessation of police and prosecutors conducting arbitrary arrests based on HIV status.</span></font> </li></ul>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p>
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<li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Call for the repeal of Article 9(c) of Law 19/1961, the enforcement of which only drives groups vulnerable to the HIV/AIDS pandemic underground and beyond the reach of prevention or treatment. <br>
</span></font>
<li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ensure that personnel affiliated with the Ministry of Health and Population, or the National AIDS Program, neither condone nor participate in torture, ill-treatment, or criminal interrogations of detainees, and immediately report any instances of torture or ill-treatment to the appropriate authorities.<br>
</span></font>
<li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">End the practice of chaining detainees in need of medical attention to their hospital beds.</span></font> </li></li></li></ul>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p>
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<li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">End the practice of forcible HIV testing of detainees without full, informed consent. Ensure that all persons who test positive for HIV receive appropriate and immediate counseling as well as treatment. </span></font></li>
</ul>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p>
<ul type="disc">
<li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">End the practice of forensic anal examinations for spurious traces of same-sex sexual conduct.</span></font> </li></ul>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p>
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<li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ensure that all detainees receive the highest available standard of medical care for any serious health conditions. </span></font>
<li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Provide training to all criminal-justice officials on medical facts and international human rights standards in relation to HIV.</span></font> </li>
</li></ul>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">We look forward to your reply.</span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Sincerely,</span></font></p>
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