.<span class="gmail_quote">From: <b class="gmail_sendername">Ruggiero, Mrs. Ana Lucia (WDC)</b> <<a href="mailto:ruglucia@paho.org">ruglucia@paho.org</a>><br>.crossposted from: <a href="mailto:EQUIDAD@listserv.paho.org">EQUIDAD@listserv.paho.org</a><br>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="maroon" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: maroon; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Constructing the evidence base on the social determinants of health: A guide</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="maroon" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: maroon; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Josiane Bonnefoy, Antony Morgan, Michael P. Kelly, Jennifer Butt, Vivian Bergman With Peter Tugwell, Vivian Robinson, Mark Exworthy, Johan Mackenbach, Jennie Popay, Catherine Pope, Thelma Narayan, Landon Myer, Sarah Simpson, Tanja Houweling, Liliana Jadue</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The Measurement and Evidence Knowledge Network (MEKN) of the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">November 2007</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Available online as PDF file [337p.] at: <a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2007/a91145.pdf" target="_blank"><font color="navy"><span style="COLOR: navy">http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2007/a91145.pdf</span></font></a> </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">"
This guide is designed for practitioners interested in developing and implementing policies and programmes to tackle the social determinants of health inequities. It sets out state of the art recommendations on how best to measure the social determinants of health and the most effective ways of constructing an evidence base which provides the basis for translating evidence into political action
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The guide is divided into two parts:</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">I Issues and principles</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">II Tools and techniques..."</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Table of contents</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> Introduction</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="maroon" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: maroon; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PART I - ISSUES AND PRINCIPLES</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1 The challenge of measurement and evidence about the social determinants of health </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1.1 Conceptual and theoretical issues</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1.2 Eight principles for developing the evidence base </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1.3 Conclusion</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">2 Taking an evidence based approach </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">2.1 Lessons from evidence based medicine </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">2.2 Applying the evidence based approach to the social determinants of health </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">2.3 Building an integrated evidence base for the social determinants of health </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">2.4 'Equity proofing' </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">2.5 Illustrative case studies </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">3 Gaps and gradients </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">3.1 The pioneering work of Antonovsky and Victora</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">3.2 Health gaps</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">3.3 Health gradients </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">3.4 Shape of health gradients </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">3.5 Illustrative case study </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">3.6 Remainder of this guide</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="maroon" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: maroon; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PART II - TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">4 Framework for policy development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5 Getting social determinants on the policy agenda understanding the policymaking process </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5.1 Introduction</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5.2 Understanding policy-making </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5.3 SDH and the policy-making process </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5.4 Policy-making in context </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5.5 Models to inform policy-making</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5.6 Conclusions </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5.7 Illustrative case studies </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">CONSTRUCTING THE EVIDENCE BASE ON THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH: A GUIDE</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">6 Getting social determinants on the policy agenda making the case for change </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7 Getting social determinants on the policy agenda equity proofing </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7.1 Equity filter/ lens </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7.2 Equity audits/ health equity audits </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7.3 Equity-effectiveness loop </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7.4 Equity gauge</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7.5 Equity-focused health impact assessment</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7.6 Conclusion</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7.7 Illustrative case studies </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7.8 Specific tools</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8 Generating evidence for policy and practice </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8.1 Status of the evidence base on the social determinants of health </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8.2 Getting the questions right </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8.3 Achieving methodological diversity</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8.4 Assessing the quality of the diverse evidence base </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8.5 Conclusion</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8.6 Illustrative case studies </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8.7 Related reading </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8.8 Specific tools</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">9 Evidence synthesis and action </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">9.1 Synthesizing complex and diverse data </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">9.2 Producing guidance for action</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">9.3 Illustrative case studies </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">9.4 Related reading </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">9.5 Specific tools </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10 Effective implementation and evaluation </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.1 Health equity auditing, needs assessment and impact assessment </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.2 Organizational development and change management</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.3 Readiness for intersectoral action</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.4 Effective ways of involving local communities </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.5 Evaluation </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.6 Illustrative case studies </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.7 Related reading </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.8 Specific tools</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">CONSTRUCTING THE EVIDENCE BASE ON THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH: A GUIDE</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">11 Learning from practice</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">12 Monitoring</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">12.1 Introduction</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">12.2 Use of data to monitor health inequities</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">12.3 Sources of health data </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">12.4 Issues in interpreting key equity stratifiers</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">12.5 Special issues in low and middle income countries</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">12.6 Special issues in high income countries </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">12.7 Improvements in monitoring systems </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">12.8 Illustrative case studies </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">12.9 Related reading </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">13 Further issues for consideration</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">13.1 Attribution of effects and outcomes </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">13.2 The challenge of policy</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">13.3 Hierarchies of evidence</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">13.4 Equity: relative or absolute? </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">13.5 Where further research and development is required </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">14 Conclusion</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">14.1 Social structure and the operation of the determinants of health inequities </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">14.2 Towards a causal hypothesis</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">14.3 A plea for action</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">15 References</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><br>Appendix I Illustrative case studies</span></font></b></p>
<p><b><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 1: United Kingdom Using evidence to inform health policy: the Acheson Inquiry </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 2: Brazil, Peru and United Republic of Tanzania Failure to equity proof interventions for children in low and middle income countries </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 3: Bolivia Evaluating Bolivia's Social Investment Fund</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 4: Brazil Use of survey data to determine and refine state-wide policies and programmes; persistent inequities between rich and poor </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 5: Canada A decade of children's policies based on evidence (1990-2001)</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 6: Mexico Use of evidence to reform national health system </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 7: Thailand Introduction of universal health coverage </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 8: Various countries Linking research and evidence to policy-making</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 9: Thailand Use of locally-defined health determinants to push for change, Mun River dam </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 10: Brazil and Chile Use of national conferences to bring together policy and evidence </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 11: Uganda Community-based monitoring and evaluation of Poverty Action Fund </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 12: Various countries Synthesis of qualitative studies of effectiveness of tuberculosis treatment</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 13: Various countries Synthesis of different types of evidence to assess the impact of school feeding </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 14: United Kingdom Development of evidence based guidance</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 15: Slovenia Health impact assessment of agriculture, food and nutrition policies.</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 16: United Kingdom Health impact assessment of a housing estate regeneration project</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 17: Mexico Use of monitoring and evaluation to continuously improve the Oportunidades programme</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 18: Sweden Use of evidence to develop the intersectoral National Public Health Strategy and the challenges of monitoring its implementation</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 19: Bangladesh Evaluating the Food for Education programme using existing data sources </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 20: Kenya Impact of grassroots involvement in gathering data on successful introduction of change</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Case study 21: The Netherlands Introduction of a multi-level surveillance system for monitoring health inequalities</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Appendix II Low and middle income countries by income group, equity and health indicators, and data sources</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Appendix III Content of standard surveys </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Appendix IV Recommendations from MEKN final report</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Appendix V List of abbreviations.</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"> </p></div></div>