<span class="gmail_quote">From: <b class="gmail_sendername">Ruggiero, Mrs. Ana Lucia (WDC)</b> <a href="mailto:ruglucia@paho.org">ruglucia@paho.org</a><br><br></span>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#993300" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The social determinants of health: Developing an evidence base for political action
</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#993300" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Final Report from Measurement and Evidence Knowledge Network
</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Michael P. Kelly (Co-chair) - Josiane Bonnefoy (Co-chair)</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">World Health Organization - Commission on the Social Determinants of Health, 2007
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<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Available online as PDf file [165p.] at: <a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/mekn_report_10oct07.pdf" target="_blank">
<font color="#333399"><span style="COLOR: #333399">http://www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/mekn_report_10oct07.pdf</span></font></a> </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">
"……This report begins by identifying six problems which make developing the evidence base on the social determinants of health potentially difficult. <br>These are: <br>- lack of precision in specifying causal pathways; <br>
- merging the causes of health improvement with the causes of health inequities; <br>- lack of clarity about health gradients and health gaps; <br>- inadequacies in the descriptions of the axes of social differentiation in populations;
<br>- the impact of context on interpreting evidence and on the concepts used to gather evidence; and <br>- the problems of getting knowledge into action. </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">
In order to overcome these difficulties a number of principles are described which help move the measurement of the social determinants forward. These relate to defining equity as a value; taking an evidence based approach; being methodologically diverse; differentiating between health differences, health gaps and health gradients; clarifying the causal pathways; taking both a structural and a dynamic approach to understanding social systems; and explicating potential bias.
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The report proceeds by describing in detail what the evidence based approach entails including reference to equity proofing. The implications of methodological diversity are also explored. A framework for developing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating policy is outlined.
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At the centre of the framework is the policy-making process which is described beginning with a consideration of the challenges of policies relating to the social determinants. These include the multi-causal nature of the social determinants themselves, the fact that social determinants operate over the whole of the life
</span></font><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">course which is a considerably longer time frame than most political initiatives, the need to work intersectorally, and the removal of the nation state as the major locus of policy-making in many parts of the world.
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">
The ways to make the case for policies are described and appropriate entry points and communications strategies are identified.</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The next four elements of the framework are outlined in turn: <br>(a) evidence generation,
<br>(b) evidence synthesis and guidance development, <br>(c) implementation and evaluation, and <br>(d) learning from practice. Finally the report describes the principal ways in which policies relating to the social determinants may be monitored…."
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">
Contents</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1 The challenge of measurement and evidence about the social determinants of health
</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1.1 Conceptual and theoretical issues </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1.1.1 Causal pathways</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1.1.2 The difference between the causes of health and the causes of health inequities
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1.1.3 Accuracy of descriptions of the social structure </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1.1.4 Context </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1.1.5 Nature of health inequity gradients </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1.1.6 Translation of knowledge into action</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1.2 Eight principles for developing the evidence base</span>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">2 Taking an evidence based approach </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">2.1 The evidence based approach </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">2.2 'Equity proofing'</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">3 Gaps and gradients </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">3.1 Health gaps</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">3.2 Health gradients</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">3.3 Shape of health gradients...25</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">4 Framework for policy development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5 Getting social determinants on the policy agenda – making the case
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5.1 SDH and the policy-making process</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5.2 Conceptual models to inform policy-making</span></font>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5.2.1 'Policy streams' model </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5.2.2 Network models </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5.2.3 Policy failure model </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5.2.4 Stages of policy development</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5.3 Making the case</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">6 Generating evidence for policy and practice</span></font>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7 Evidence synthesis and action</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7.1 Synthesizing complex and diverse data</span></font></i>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7.1.1 Systematic reviews of effectiveness </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7.1.2 Evidence synthesis</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7.1.3 Quantitative approaches to evidence synthesis</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7.1.4 Qualitative approaches to evidence synthesis </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7.1.5 Mixed approaches to evidence synthesis </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7.1.6 Combining separate syntheses: the EPPI approach</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7.2 Producing guidance for action </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8 Effective implementation and evaluation </span></font></b>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8.1 Health equity auditing, needs assessment and impact assessment
</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8.1.1 Health equity auditing</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8.1.2 Health impact assessment </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8.2 Organizational development and change management </span>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8.3 Readiness for intersectoral action</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8.4 Effective ways of involving local communities </span></font>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8.5 Evaluation </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">9 Learning from practice </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">9.1 Why do we need to collect knowledge from practice? </span>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">9.2 What do we know about the features of an effective system for learning from practice?
</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">9.3 What sorts of information should be collected? </span>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10 Monitoring</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.1 Use of data to monitor health inequities</span></font>
</i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.1.1 Measuring the magnitude of health inequities</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.2 Sources of health data </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.2.1 Vital statistics</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.2.2 Censuses </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.2.3 Population-based surveys </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.2.4 Health records</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.3 Issues in interpreting key equity stratifiers </span>
</font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.3.1 Education</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.3.2 Occupation</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.3.3 Income</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.3.4 Gender </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.3.5 Ethnicity/ race/ caste/ tribe/ religion </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.3.6 Place of residence</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.4 Special issues in low and middle income countries</span>
</font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.4.1 Measuring socioeconomic position and other social constructs</span></font>
</p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.4.2 Sources of data on social inequalities in health </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.4.3 Interpreting data on social inequalities in health</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10.5 Improvements in monitoring systems </span></font></i>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">11 Further issues for consideration </span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">11.1 Attribution of effects and outcomes</span></font></i>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">11.1.1 General theories </span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">11.1.2 Theories of change</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">11.1.3 Micro theories or programme theories</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">11.1.4 Tacit knowledge theories</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">11.1.5 Priorities for action</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">11.2 The challenge of policy </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">11.3 Hierarchies of evidence </span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">11.4 Equity: relative or absolute?</span></font></i></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><i><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">11.5 Where further research and development is required</span>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">12 Conclusion</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">13 Recommendations for policy makers and practitioners</span>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">14 References</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">APPENDICES</span></font></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">I Measurement and Evidence Knowledge Network (MEKN) and its methods 113
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<p><b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> II Illustrative case studies</span></font></b><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="1">
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><font face="Arial" color="#333399" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font></p></div></div>