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<DIV><B>From:</B> <A title=ruglucia@PAHO.ORG
href="mailto:ruglucia@PAHO.ORG">Ruggiero, Mrs. Ana Lucia (WDC)</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">
<DIV> <A title=EQUIDAD@LISTSERV.PAHO.ORG
href="mailto:EQUIDAD@LISTSERV.PAHO.ORG">EQUIDAD@LISTSERV.PAHO.ORG</A>
</DIV></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV class=Section1>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><B><FONT face=Arial color=#993300
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Do
Visas Kill? Health Effects of African Health Professional Emigration
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Michael
Clemens<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><B><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Working
Paper Number 114, March 2007<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><B><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The
Center for Global Development, <st1:City w:st="on">Washington</st1:City>
<st1:State w:st="on">DC</st1:State> - <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Available online PDF
file [58p.] at: <A
href="http://www.cgdev.org/files/13123_file_Clemens_Do_visas_kill_3_.pdf"><FONT
color=#333399><SPAN
style="COLOR: #333399">http://www.cgdev.org/files/13123_file_Clemens_Do_visas_kill_3_.pdf</SPAN></FONT></A>
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">“…..Conventional
wisdom says that, because low-income countries need skilled professionals to
develop, their migration to better-paying countries is unequivocally bad--when
they leave, poor countries lose engineers' ideas, lawyers' contracts, and
physicians' care. So the recent surge in the international mass migration of
highly skilled workers has many worrying: will the loss of skilled professionals
stymie development? In this new working paper, CGD research fellow Michael
Clemens uses new data on African health worker migration to test whether
decreases in emigration raise the number of domestic health professionals,
increase the mass availability of basic primary care, or improve a range of
public health outcomes. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The
results suggest that Africa's generally low staffing levels and poor public
health conditions are the result of factors entirely unrelated to international
movements of health professionals, and that the option to emigrate has
positively affected Africans' decisions to enter the health field. Bottom line:
impeding the migration of skilled health professionals, by sending and receiving
countries, does little to improve health systems or heath outcomes in <st1:place
w:st="on">Africa</st1:place>. ….” CGD<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Further
reading: <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 4.5pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 3.75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><FONT
face=Symbol color=#333399 size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">·<FONT face="Times New Roman" size=1><SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT><![endif]><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><A
href="http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/9267%20"><FONT
color=#333399><SPAN style="COLOR: #333399">New data on African health
professionals abroad </SPAN></FONT></A>By Michael Clemens and Gunilla Pettersson
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 4.5pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 3.75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><FONT
face=Symbol color=#333399 size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol"><SPAN
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style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT><![endif]><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><A
href="http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/10174%20"><FONT
color=#333399><SPAN style="COLOR: #333399">Let Their People Come: Breaking the
Gridlock on Global Labor Mobility </SPAN></FONT></A>By Lant Pritchett
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 4.5pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 3.75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><FONT
face=Symbol color=#333399 size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol"><SPAN
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style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT><![endif]><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><A
href="http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/4473"><FONT
color=#333399><SPAN style="COLOR: #333399">The Global Migration of Talent: What
Does it Mean for Developing Countries?</SPAN></FONT></A> By Devesh Kapur and
John McHale <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 4.5pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 3.75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><FONT
face=Symbol color=#333399 size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">·<FONT face="Times New Roman" size=1><SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT><![endif]><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><A
href="http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/4415%20"><FONT
color=#333399><SPAN style="COLOR: #333399">Give us Your Best and Brightest: The
Global Hunt for Talent and Its Impact on the Developing World
</SPAN></FONT></A>By Devesh Kapur and John McHale <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
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