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<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=1>Human Rights Reader 142<?xml:namespace
prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"
/><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
size=3>HUMAN RIGHTS ARE NO LONGER </FONT></FONT></B></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
size=3>A-PREOCCUPATION-THAT-IS-BEST-LEFT-ASIDE FOR ‘OTHERS’ TO WORRY
ABOUT.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></B></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p><FONT
face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3>1. Human rights (HR) are based on the
assumption that there are things that ought not to be done to any human being or
things that ought to be done for every human being. <SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt">(M. J. Perry) No example more evident than
that of health.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
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face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"
size=3>2. To say something is a human right is to say that social institutions
that fail to protect it are defective (and in violation). (C. Beitz) </FONT></P>
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face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"
size=3>3. In essence, human rights (people’s rights) are based on a relationship
between individuals (or a group) that have a valid claim and other individuals
(or a group) that have correlative duties or obligations towards the
former.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p><FONT
face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"
size=3>4. Human rights are not realized until there is a mechanism for the
subject of the right (the claim holder) to enforce it and to <U>keep</U> the
right realized. This is the fundamental difference between a… right and a
privilege-given-by-benevolence. This also points to our role as human rights
(HR) workers, namely one to create the conditions for such a mechanism to become
functional.</FONT></P>
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face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"
size=3>5. Interestingly, in that mechanism, the realization of civil and
political rights most often requires actions to reduce state interventions,
while economic, social and cultural rights often require deliberate state
interventions.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p><FONT
face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"
size=3>6. In the HR discourse, claim holders (CHs) and duty bearers (DBs) are to
be understood as <U>roles</U> into which individuals (or groups) may enter. That
means that the same individual may be both a CH and a DB at the same
time.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p><FONT
face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"
size=3>7. When carrying out capacity analyses of DBs, indicators used to assess
their performance need to separately measure a) their performance in meeting
their responsibilities, and b) their capacity to do so. Failure to meet their
duties due to either cause denotes a sub-optimal capacity of DBs.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p><FONT
face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"
size=3>8. Since capacity analysis is supposed to bring out the multiple
responsibilities of a range of DBs, things can become complicated. Therefore, to
simplify things procedurally, in practice, capacity analysis can be applied to
selected topics and actors once one has an agreed clear strategic focus centered
on what the claim holders want to achieve first. </FONT></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p><FONT
face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"
size=3>9. But, beware, in these capacity analyses, DBs should not feel they are
being judged, but rather given the opportunity to speak out about their
challenges, constraints and their own unfulfilled rights, as well as being given
the opportunity to take up their (previously neglected) duties.</FONT></P>
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face="Times New Roman" size=5> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=1>Claudio Schuftan, <?xml:namespace prefix =
st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:City
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ho Chi Minh
City</st1:place></st1:City><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
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style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><A
href="mailto:claudio@hcmc.netnam.vn"><FONT face="Times New Roman"
size=1>claudio@hcmc.netnam.vn</FONT></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
size=1> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
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face="Times New Roman" size=1> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=1>Mostly adapted from
SCN News (UN Standing Committee on Nutrition), No.30, mid 2005; P. van Weerelt
and . T. Palmlund, HR Practice Note, UNDP draft 26/4/2004; and U. Jonsson,
Changing Approaches to the Problem of Child Malnutrition, 2006,
Forthcoming.</FONT></SPAN></P></FONT></DIV></FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>