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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt">Human
Rights Reader 138<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">THE HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED
APPROACH:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">A
DISTILLED INVENTORY OF ITS ESSENTIAL ATTRIBUTES. </SPAN></STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">(Part
2 of 2) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText3 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"
size=4><STRONG>Other attributes of the human rights-based approach (RBA): <SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>A mini-SWOT (strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats) analysis:</STRONG></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText3 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p><FONT
face="Times New Roman" size=4><STRONG> </STRONG></FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText3 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><STRONG><FONT
face="Times New Roman" size=4>Some of the RBA’s perceived strengths
are:</FONT></STRONG></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"
size=4>35. A rights orientation, we had said, compels us to be more accountable
to claim holders (CHs). This contrasts with a results-oriented approach which,
in the real world, emphasizes being accountable mostly to donors.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">36.
<FONT size=4>The RBA takes</FONT> <FONT size=4>responsibility for making
resources available for reflection (revisioning and remissioning) processes of
development organizations that wish to do so; this, since financial resources to
support these exercises leading to a shift in the development paradigm are not
easily found.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>37. Although it is to the rights workers advantage to use and quote
international human rights law, it is <U>not</U> always needed to do so to have
human rights (HR) upheld.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>38. Using HR instruments and laws, the RBA makes recommendations based on
the rights that are relevant to development interventions being proposed. When
projects are already being carried out, it points out the HR violations being
perpetrated. Important is that the RBA promotes discussion of these issues; it
creates space for CHs to construct their own meaning of injustice and to draw on
their value systems to challenge and confront the violators of their rights; it
lends legitimacy to community groups who engage in such public
claiming.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText3 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><STRONG><FONT
face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=4>Some of the RBA’s perceived<SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> weaknesses are:</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></STRONG></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>39. Obtaining support from key CHs and duty bearers (DBs) is not always
possible at the outset; it requires time and, most of all, persistence.
Therefore, more time and support are needed for a HR-based project to get under
way than for a ‘conventional’ project.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>40. If those whose rights are being violated are not supportive of a RBA,
asking for accountability of DBs achieves little.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>41. Multiple internal organizational changes are needed at the
implementing organization(s) to successfully apply the RBA to development. To
begin with, a different set of skills is needed in the same
organization(s).<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
size=4>There is thus a dire need for development practitioners to become more
versed in the principles of HR.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><STRONG><FONT
size=4> </FONT></STRONG></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText3 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><STRONG><FONT
face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=4>Some of the RBA’s perceived<SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> opportunities are:</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></STRONG></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>42. The RBA questions ‘conventional’ project results and asks about what
processes are being set in motion; it further asks who is really benefiting from
the results; it questions whether donor expectations are always in the best
interest of the poor and marginalized CHs; it spots potential and real harm
being done by donor-funded projects; it looks at benefits and harms accruing to
the various social groups involved; it looks whether there is culturally rooted
discrimination; it also looks at unexamined issues and unattended complaints of
CHs.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p><FONT
face="Times New Roman" size=4> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"
size=4>43. In the RBA, rights are used to inform and to organize practical
actions. This involves a continuum of stages from diagnosis and participatory
research to rights fulfillment. The rights framework is thus used to give voice
to CHs, to prepare groups, for them to engage in a dialogue process with the
decision-makers and then to maintain the practice; it is also used to broaden
support networks by linking with all those who, in one way or another, advocate
for human rights. </FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>44. The RBA is launched with a ’situation analysis’ carried out with the
community. Households are disaggregated by social class and/or wealth strata.
One can then prepare ‘problem trees’ and can prioritize the top 4 or 5 problems.
Invariably problems identified are related to rights
violations.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>A very powerful tool and process the RBA encourages to use is
‘Participatory Budget Planning, Design and Monitoring‘ which is applied and
carried out with CHs and DBs inputs.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>45. Making empowerment its centerpiece, going beyond participation, is
key for the RBA; it ultimately aims at empowering people to take control of
their own lives and livelihoods. <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>46. Empowerment is also seen as needed for the implementing
organization’s staff to give them voice, to increase their representation in the
current institutional and project/program decision-making process, as well as to
build the staff’s capacity to claim their own rights within the
organization.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>47. Remissioning exercises provide an opportunity for the staff,
<U>and</U> for invited representatives of the beneficiaries, to critique the way
projects are designed and are being implemented; in these exercises,
participating staff members are seen as claim holders and are expected to ask
how the project is to be held accountable vis a vis the population being served.
<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>Commitment, a common vision and solidarity among the staff are all
requisites and are solidified during remissioning retreats; the staff is here
given the skills they need to do better rights advocacy and more effective
community mobilization --and being culturally sensitive when doing
so.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>48. The role and involvement of local facilitators in the RBA is of
extreme importance to validate what external HR workers are trying to do in the
community.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>49. Structured HR action-learning, a central piece in the RBA, aims at
joining forces in public advocacy campaigns using different entry points with
different DBs; this learning creates safe spaces for discussion of taboos or
sensitive issues; it builds constituencies around a common vision; it organizes
civic action.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText3 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p><FONT
face="Times New Roman" size=4><STRONG> </STRONG></FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText3 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><STRONG><FONT
face="Times New Roman" size=4>Some of the RBA’s perceived threats
are:</FONT></STRONG></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>50. Raising awareness of people’s rights changes the nature of the
relationship of implementers with CHs and DBs. Confrontations can arise; and
this is not necessarily bad. Simply, as the number of active stakeholders
increases, new tensions arise that must be skillfully
managed.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>51. Making individual DBs face up to the realization that they are not
meeting their responsibilities brings with it a certain level of risk. (The RBA,
therefore, engages in preliminary risk analyses).<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=4><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">52.
People and staff are not always clear when they use human rights language.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><STRONG>Rights
are often upheld only as moral obligations</STRONG></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> to
provide equal opportunity and benefits, </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><STRONG>but</STRONG></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">
are </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><STRONG>not
upheld as</STRONG></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><STRONG>international
legal</STRONG></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><STRONG>obligations</STRONG></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">!<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><STRONG><FONT
size=4>Conclusions:<o:p></o:p></FONT></STRONG></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>53. Innovation, creativity, courage, persistence, willingness to learn
and to change are needed to implement the rights-based approach. All these
attributes are needed to bring justice to marginalized groups whose rights are
being violated. The changes that are needed entail: enhancing the latter groups’
sense of power and worth; uncovering the root causes of their everyday problems;
with them, analyzing the prevailing inequities, as well as why they are
excluded, marginalized and consequently vulnerable. (Beware: discrimination can
have many hidden layers; disaggregating them is important). Also working with
these groups, the RBA analyzes what the forces are that cause and perpetuate
their disenfranchised condition. Such a participatory research is considered
indispensable to initiate rights-based work. This, because through such work,
one openly discusses with beneficiaries and partners the issues at the heart of
inequity. This, with the aim of getting communities to take greater control over
decisions being made that affect their lives and
livelihoods.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>54. Efforts must be directed to work with <U>both</U> CHs and DBs. It is
acknowledged that the challenges in confronting the culture and social norms
that try to justify HR violations in society remain formidable. Therefore, a
deepening commitment and engagement from our side is
needed.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>55. Applying the RBA will bring about tensions with donors and with
government officers. It may lead to a widening rift between donor expectations
and yours --and government expectations and yours. <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>But, on the other hand, the RBA is also an opportunity to shift the
donors’ --and the government’s-- attitude towards those whose rights are being
violated.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>56. It is too soon to tell whether the RBA can achieve sustainable
impact, and change power relations. Bu it is high time we all assimilate all
that has been said here into our organizational culture and structures. We
absolutely need to start doing rights-based programming --and there are good
tools out there to start doing this. (See, for instance,<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Urban Jonsson’s<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>“Human Rights Approach to Development
Programming”, UNICEF ESARO, <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Nairobi</st1:place></st1:City>, 2003).<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>57. There is yet no charted course. What we have, gives us a sense of
what is possible albeit not with consistent clarity yet. But we are getting
there. This Reader has been striving for that.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=4>59. A compelling case can be made for how much we can achieve in
addressing poverty, preventable ill-health, malnutrition and deaths, as well as
in combating inequity and marginalization by applying a rights-based
approach.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Claudio
Schuftan, <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ho Chi Minh
City</st1:place></st1:City><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><A
href="mailto:claudio@hcmc.netnam.vn">claudio@hcmc.netnam.vn</A>
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><STRONG><FONT
face=VNI-Times>____________<o:p></o:p></FONT></STRONG></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">Adapted from<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>‘Principles into Practice: learning from innovative rights-based
programmes’, CARE International, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">UK</st1:country-region></st1:place>, September
2005.</FONT></P></FONT></DIV></FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>