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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
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size=1></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt"><o:p><FONT
size=1> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt"><FONT
size=1>Human Rights Reader 137<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">T<FONT size=2>HE HUMAN
RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT
size=2>A DISTILLED INVENTORY OF ITS ESSENTIAL ATTRIBUTES.
</FONT></SPAN></STRONG></FONT><FONT size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">(<FONT
size=2>Part 1 of 2</FONT>)</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p><STRONG><FONT
face=VNI-Times> </FONT></STRONG></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>The bullets herebelow recap what it means to apply a holistic
rights-based lens in development practice, be it in health, in education or in
any other sector. They also direct us to the corresponding behaviors one would
expect to see enacted in health, education or any other development work when
applying such an optic. <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">T<FONT
size=2>he bullets further tell us </FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><FONT
face=VNI-Times><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>when and under what
conditions the adoption of an explicit rights-based approach is more likely to
make a lasting difference</FONT>.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=2> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><STRONG><FONT
size=2>When using the rights-based approach (RBA),
one:<o:p></o:p></FONT></STRONG></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>1. Departs from the basis that poor persons have the same inherent rights
as rich persons.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>2. Focuses on the whole range of the problems specific marginalized/
discriminated groups in the population face rather than only on problems arising
in one sector (e.g., health). <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">3.
<FONT size=2>Carries out more holistic analyses of why poverty, malnutrition and
ill-health are perpetuated --</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT
size=2>as one exposes the roots of the process(es) of
marginalization</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><FONT
size=2>. (The RBA thus allows a deeper understanding of the causes of poverty
and social injustice as manifested in preventable deaths; it thus opens up the
possibility of longer-term changes than those one sees in conventional current
development approaches. This is why the RBA engages in long-term
actions)</FONT>.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>4. Explicits the linkages between the major problems of people’s
livelihoods and the respective UN human rights (HR)
covenants.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>5. Engages legal services if and whenever possible when fighting against
the violation of rights.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>6. Undertakes concrete activities at the policy level to enhance the
chances of a sustainable impact.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">7.
One, therefore, needs to be innovative in assessing and managing, courageous in
taking risks, and persistent in making sure human rights are respected,
protected and fulfilled.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=2> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><STRONG><FONT
size=2>One further:<o:p></o:p></FONT></STRONG></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">8.
Departs from the notion that violations of HR are a denial of people’s
dignity.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>9. Focuses on the political, economic, social and environmental causes of
rights violations and addresses each of these structural
causes.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">10. Sets the lens of all one’s work on explicitly
addressing the violated rights of rightless people and thus g<SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">ets involved in monitoring rights
violations.</SPAN><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><o:p></o:p></B></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><STRONG><FONT
size=2> </FONT></STRONG></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><STRONG><FONT
size=2>One:<o:p></o:p></FONT></STRONG></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">11. Critically analyzes power relations in the
environments one works in, </FONT></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">and one monitors
any changes in these relations. (*)</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">12. Empowers people to exercise and claim for their
rights from a position of strength. </FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=2> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><STRONG><FONT
size=2>One:<o:p></o:p></FONT></STRONG></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">13. Treats
participation as a right, not just as a means.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">14. Analyses inequities by disaggregating the data by
vulnerable group and, in the process, one creates room for the participation of
these marginalized groups.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>15. Gets the people in these same groups involved in implementing jointly
planned actions.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>16. Sets up local mechanisms to encourage social and gender inclusion and
one promotes community self-reliance.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p><FONT
face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><B><FONT
face="Times New Roman">One:<o:p></o:p></FONT></B></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">17. Creates the opportunity for claim holders (CHs) to
organize and to pressure authorities (or those responsible for denying them
their rights) ito undertaking remedial actions.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">18. Trains CHs to prepare clear agendas of their
demands.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">19. Influences duty bearers (DBs) by supporting their
rights and helping them have their own demands met vis a vis DBs at a higher
level. (Remember that DBs are CHs to others above them).</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">20. Sees to it that DBs meet their responsibilities thus
effectively holding public servants accountable.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">21. Establishes conditions for a sustained dialogue
between CHs and DBs.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p><FONT
face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><B><FONT
face="Times New Roman">One:<o:p></o:p></FONT></B></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">22. Recognizes the limitation of a single organization
working alone to achieve sustainable impact.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>23. Builds alliances and sets up partnerships as a key to
success.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>24. Puts together a veritable force for change by uniting with
others.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>25. Aims at becoming part of a respected and listened-to worldwide social
movement.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=2> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><STRONG><FONT
size=2>One:<o:p></o:p></FONT></STRONG></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">26. Gives voice to the unheard by using the language of
rights either directly or indirectly (…or not at all).</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">27. Helps making the voices of CHs heard so they can use
their voices to claim their rights and to exert influence from a position of
strength.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=2> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><STRONG><FONT
size=2>One:<o:p></o:p></FONT></STRONG></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>28. Challenges discriminatory attitudes and practices and one fights for
gender equity.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>29. Engages in women’s rights issues and in gender education and one
gives women needed legal advice and support.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>30. Actively opposes violence against women as rooted in local gender
ideology. <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>31. Combats husband’s primacy over wife’s
rights.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p><FONT
size=2> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><STRONG><FONT
size=2>One:<o:p></o:p></FONT></STRONG></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>31. Uses structured action-learning processes that always solicit the
perspectives, opinions and points of view of the trainees.
<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">32. Incorporates HR into community education.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">33. Also gets involved in peace education, in conflict
resolution and in actions to reduce the barriers to peace that have been created
by those in power. </FONT></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p><FONT
face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">34. To conclude here, much can be achieved in addressing
inequities and marginalization by applying a rights-based approach. <SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Applying it to which rights, one can
justifiably ask?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Well, to the
rights to be heard, to choose, to participate; the rights to proper health care,
to adequate food and nutrition, to breastfeeding, to education; the rights to
live in dignity and wellbeing and to one’s own cultural identity and language.
It also applies to land tenure rights, sexual and reproductive rights, to other
individual HR, as well as collective rights (such as the right to development),
and it applies to women’s rights and to citizens’ (civic) rights. In short, the
RBA applies to all internationally recognized rights.</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>(contd.)<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=2>_________<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt">(*):
<FONT size=1>What are the attributes of power? Power can be: <I>Power over</I>
(coercion, discrimination); <I>power with</I> (collective strength and common
cause); <I>power to</I> (individual capacity to shape change); and <I>power
within</I> (inner strength based on self-worth). The RBA aims at empowering
claim holders to use all but the first.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
size=1>Claudio Schuftan, <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ho Chi Minh
City</st1:place></st1:City><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><A
href="mailto:claudio@hcmc.netnam.vn"><FONT
size=1>claudio@hcmc.netnam.vn</FONT></A><FONT size=1>
<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><STRONG><FONT face=VNI-Times><FONT
size=1>____________<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></STRONG></SPAN></P><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: VNI-Times; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT
face="Times New Roman" size=1>Adapted from<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>‘Principles into Practice: learning from innovative rights-based
programmes’, CARE International, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">UK</st1:country-region></st1:place>, September
2005.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></DIV></FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>