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<DIV><B>From:</B> <A title=ruglucia@PAHO.ORG
href="mailto:ruglucia@PAHO.ORG">Ruggiero, Mrs. Ana Lucia (WDC)</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">
<DIV> <A title=EQUIDAD@LISTSERV.PAHO.ORG
href="mailto:EQUIDAD@LISTSERV.PAHO.ORG">EQUIDAD@LISTSERV.PAHO.ORG</A>
</DIV></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV class=Section1>
<H2 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><B><FONT face=Arial color=maroon size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: maroon; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Glossary of the World
Trade Organisation and public health: part 1 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></B></H2>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><STRONG><NOBR></NOBR><B><FONT
face=Arial color=#333399 size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ronald
Labonte,</SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG><FONT face=Arial color=#333399 size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> Globalization and
Health Equity, Institute of Population Health, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City
w:st="on">University of Ottawa</st1:City>, <st1:State
w:st="on">Ontario</st1:State>, <st1:country-region
w:st="on">Canada</st1:country-region></st1:place><BR><STRONG><B><FONT
face=Arial><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Matthew
Sanger</SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG><STRONG><B><FONT face=Arial><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">, Canadian Centre for Policy
Alternatives, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Ottawa</st1:City>,
<st1:State w:st="on">Ontario</st1:State>, <st1:country-region
w:st="on">Canada</st1:country-region></st1:place></SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG></SPAN></FONT><STRONG><B><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=#333399 size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><STRONG><B><FONT face=Arial
color=#333399 size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Journal of
Epidemiology and Community Health 2006;60:655-661;
doi:10.1136/jech.2005.037895<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><STRONG><B><FONT face=Arial
color=#333399 size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><STRONG><B><FONT face=Arial
color=#333399 size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Website:
<A href="http://jech.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/extract/60/8/655?etoc"><FONT
color=#333399><SPAN
style="COLOR: #333399">http://jech.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/extract/60/8/655?etoc</SPAN></FONT></A>
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG></P>
<P style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=#333399 size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">“…..The relation
between health and trade is not new. Disease and<SUP> </SUP>pestilence have long
followed global trade routes, a pattern<SUP> </SUP>that continues into the 21st
century. A Chinese trade ship was<SUP> </SUP>the source of <st1:place
w:st="on">Latin America</st1:place>’s cholera outbreak in 1991,<SUP> </SUP>which
resulted in 10 000 deaths.<A
href="http://jech.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/60/8/655#R1#R1"><SUP><FONT
color=#333399><SPAN style="COLOR: #333399">1</SPAN></FONT></SUP></A> Increased
trade in tobacco<SUP> </SUP>products and processed foods high in sugar or fat
contribute<SUP> </SUP>to rising chronic disease rates in poorer countries.<A
href="http://jech.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/60/8/655#R2#R2"><SUP><FONT
color=#333399><SPAN style="COLOR: #333399">2,</SPAN></FONT></SUP></A><A
href="http://jech.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/60/8/655#R3#R3"><SUP><FONT
color=#333399><SPAN style="COLOR: #333399">3</SPAN></FONT></SUP></A><SUP>
</SUP><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=#333399 size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Trade can also be
good for health, improving peoples’<SUP> </SUP>lives through access to goods or
technologies that cure disease<SUP> </SUP>or improve wellbeing. Proponents of
trade liberalisation argue<SUP> </SUP>further that it can increase economic
growth and wealth creation,<SUP> </SUP>both of which may reduce poverty<A
href="http://jech.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/60/8/655#R4#R4"><SUP><FONT
color=#333399><SPAN style="COLOR: #333399">4</SPAN></FONT></SUP></A> and allow
for greater investments<SUP> </SUP>in health care, education, environmental
protection, and other<SUP> </SUP>population health determinants.<A
href="http://jech.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/60/8/655#R5#R5"><SUP><FONT
color=#333399><SPAN style="COLOR: #333399">5</SPAN></FONT></SUP></A> Others
maintain that the relation<SUP> </SUP>is subtler. Development economist, Ha-Joon
Chang<A
href="http://jech.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/60/8/655#R6#R6"><SUP><FONT
color=#333399><SPAN style="COLOR: #333399">6</SPAN></FONT></SUP></A> points
out<SUP> </SUP>that today’s wealthy countries became so through a variety<SUP>
</SUP>of policies—infant industry protection, export subsidisation,<SUP>
</SUP>copying of foreign technologies, and strong state controls over<SUP>
</SUP>foreign investment—that new trade liberalisation rules<SUP>
</SUP>increasingly deny poorer countries.<SUP>
</SUP><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=#333399 size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Many of these trade
rules came into existence with the creation<SUP> </SUP>of the World Trade
Organisation (WTO) in 1995. The WTO’s<SUP> </SUP>influence extends beyond
commercial relations to affect health,<SUP> </SUP>social welfare, and culture.
This two part glossary introduces<SUP> </SUP>the WTO trade treaties (the generic
term for specific trade<SUP> </SUP>agreements) and explains the key principles
and concepts of<SUP> </SUP>interest to policy makers and practitioners. It aims
to explain<SUP> </SUP>the WTO through a public health lens that focuses on
disease<SUP> </SUP>control and prevention, the reduction of a wide range of
health<SUP> </SUP>risks, and a commitment to reducing health inequities. The
public<SUP> </SUP>health implications of these agreements can be direct, as
in<SUP> </SUP>the restrictions the <I><SPAN style="FONT-STYLE: italic">Agreement
on Trade-Related Intellectual<SUP> </SUP>Property Rights</SPAN></I><A
name=RFN1></A><SUP><A
href="http://jech.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/60/8/655#FN1#FN1"><FONT
color=#333399><SPAN style="COLOR: #333399">*</SPAN></FONT></A></SUP> (TRIPS) can
place on access to essential medicines.<SUP> </SUP>They can also be indirect in
two important ways:<SUP> </SUP><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><![if !supportLists]><FONT
face=Arial color=#333399 size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<FONT face="Times New Roman" size=1><SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT><![endif]><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">the
degree to which WTO agreements skew economic benefits and<SUP> </SUP>the health
advantages these bring in favour of already wealthier/healthier<SUP>
</SUP>nations and population groups; and<SUP>
</SUP><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><![if !supportLists]><FONT
face=Arial color=#333399 size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<FONT face="Times New Roman" size=1><SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT><![endif]><FONT face=Arial color=#333399
size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">WTO
expansion into trade<SUP> </SUP>related areas that have little to do<SUP>
</SUP>with reducing border-barriers<SUP> </SUP>to imported goods, and that
could<SUP> </SUP>restrict national governments’<SUP> </SUP>abilities to regulate
in<SUP> </SUP>the interests of public health.<SUP>
</SUP><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=#333399 size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Part 1 of this
glossary introduces the WTO and its origins as<SUP> </SUP>an institution, and
summarises the WTO rules on trade in goods<SUP> </SUP>that are most relevant to
public health.<BR></SPAN></FONT><FONT face=Arial color=#333399 size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Part 2 considers
rules<SUP> </SUP>specific to trade in services, intellectual property,
investment,<SUP> </SUP>and government procurement.<A name=RFN2></A><SUP><A
href="http://jech.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/60/8/655#FN2#FN2"><FONT
color=#333399><SPAN style="COLOR: #333399; TEXT-DECORATION: none"><IMG
id=_x0000_i1026 height=14 alt={dagger}
src="cid:006d01c6aa06$a0e4c230$0800000a@computer" width=5
border=0></SPAN></FONT></A> </SUP><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><A name=SEC1><!-- null --></A><FONT face=Arial
color=#333399 size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Richard D
Smith<BR><STRONG><B><FONT face=Arial><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Trade and
public health: facing the challenges of
globalisation</SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG><BR>J. Epidemiol. Community Health,
August 1, 2006; 60(8): 650 - 651. <A
href="http://jech.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/60/8/650"><FONT
color=#333399><SPAN style="COLOR: #333399">[Full Text]</SPAN></FONT></A> <A
href="http://jech.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/60/8/650"><FONT
color=#333399><SPAN style="COLOR: #333399">[PDF]</SPAN></FONT></A><BR
clear=right><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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