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<h1><font size=5 face=Arial><span style='font-size:16.0pt'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>A global campaign for the right to
health</span></span></font><b><font size=4><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
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<h2 style='line-height:normal'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><font
size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Louis
Reynolds, Leslie London, David Sanders - People’s Health Movement<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></h2>
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Louis Reynolds, Leslie London, David Sanders - People’s Health Movement
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<DIV class=Section2>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">The People’s Health Movement, a global
network of civil society groups, researchers, activists and teachers involved in
health, proposes the launch of a global campaign on the Right to Health.
</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText><FONT face=Arial size=2><o:p> </o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">PHM would like to invite civil society
organizations, interested individuals and groups to participate in discussing
the possibility of hosting such a campaign in
</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><st1:country-region><st1:place>South
Africa</st1:place></st1:country-region>. It would also contribute to building
civil society for the Third People’s Health Assembly, planned for 2010 at an
African venue (to be determined). This edition of <I><SPAN
style="FONT-STYLE: italic">Critical Health Perspectives</SPAN></I> sketches the
background to the campaign and some of the thinking behind it. </P>
<P class=MsoCaption><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT face=Arial
size=3><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Background </SPAN></SPAN></FONT></B></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText><FONT face=Arial size=2><o:p> </o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Although the Alma Ata Declaration declared
health as a human right almost four decades ago, the intervening years have seen
health status and access to health care decline in many developing countries
despite great advances in medical technologies worldwide.
</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial size=2><o:p> </o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Recent developments in international human
rights law have opened up new opportunities to give effect to the provisions of
the International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights with regard
to the right to health.<A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" href="#_ftn1"
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In line with our national commitment to human rights, post-apartheid
</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><st1:country-region><st1:place>South
Africa</st1:place></st1:country-region> ratified the ICESCR in 1994. When a
country ratifies a UN covenant, it becomes legally binding in that country.
Rights to health care are also enshrined in our Constitution.</P>
<P class=MsoBodyText><FONT face=Arial size=2><o:p> </o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Article 12.1 of the ICESCR specifies
‘<I><SPAN style="FONT-STYLE: italic">the right of everyone to the enjoyment of
the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health</SPAN></I>’.
</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">To
achieve this, the government must at least take the steps necessary for:
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoList
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; tab-stops: list .25in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo28"><![if !supportLists]><FONT
face=Arial size=2><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">a.<FONT face="Times New Roman" size=1><SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT><![endif]><SPAN lang=EN-GB>The provision for
the reduction of the stillbirth-rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy
development of the child; </SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoList
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; tab-stops: list .25in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo28"><![if !supportLists]><FONT
face=Arial size=2><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">b.<FONT face="Times New Roman" size=1><SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT><![endif]><SPAN lang=EN-GB>The improvement of
all aspects of environmental and industrial hygiene; </SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoList
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; tab-stops: list .25in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo28"><![if !supportLists]><FONT
face=Arial size=2><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">c.<FONT face="Times New Roman" size=1><SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT><![endif]><SPAN lang=EN-GB>The prevention,
treatment and control of epidemic, endemic, occupational and other diseases;
</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoList
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; tab-stops: list .25in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo28"><![if !supportLists]><FONT
face=Arial size=2><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">d.<FONT face="Times New Roman" size=1><SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT><![endif]><SPAN lang=EN-GB>The creation of
conditions which would assure access to all medical service and medical
attention in the event of sickness. </SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; tab-stops: right 451.25pt; mso-hyphenate: none"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">In August 2000, <I><SPAN
style="FONT-STYLE: italic">General Comment</SPAN></I> 14 further clarified these
core obligations of the state in regard to health.<A title=""
style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="#_ftn2" name=_ftnref2><SPAN
class=MsoFootnoteReference><SUP><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><![if !supportFootnotes]><SPAN
class=MsoFootnoteReference><SUP><FONT face=Arial size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[2]</SPAN></FONT></SUP></SPAN><![endif]></SPAN></SUP></SPAN></A>
It interprets the right to health <I><SPAN style="FONT-STYLE: italic">“as an
inclusive right extending not only to timely and appropriate health care but
also to the underlying determinants of health, such as access to safe and
potable water and adequate sanitation, an adequate supply of safe food,
nutrition and housing, healthy occupational and environmental conditions, and
access to health-related education and information, including on sexual and
reproductive health”.</SPAN></I> </SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face=Arial
size=2><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">It highlights the following interrelated and
essential elements of health care: </SPAN></SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT face=Arial
size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">a.</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><I><SPAN
style="FONT-STYLE: italic; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></I><I><SPAN
style="FONT-STYLE: italic; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Availability.</SPAN></I><SPAN
style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> Functioning public health and health-care
facilities, goods and services, as well as programmes, have to be available,
</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">including hospitals</SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">, clinics and other
health-related</SPAN><I><SPAN
style="FONT-STYLE: italic; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></I><SPAN
style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">buildings, trained personnel receiving
domestically competitive salaries</SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">,</SPAN><I><SPAN
style="FONT-STYLE: italic; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></I><SPAN
style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">and essential drugs</SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> (</SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">defined by WHO Action Programme on Essential
Drugs</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">)</SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">. </SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoList style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; mso-list: none"><SPAN
class=GramE><FONT face=Arial size=2><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">b. </SPAN></SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-STYLE: italic; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Accessibility</SPAN></I></SPAN><I><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-STYLE: italic; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">.</SPAN></I><SPAN
lang=EN-GB style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> Health facilities,
goods</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">,
services</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> and
information about health have to be accessible and affordable to </SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-GB style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">all,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> without discrimination, especially the most
vulnerable or marginalized sections </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">in</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> the population, such as ethnic minorities
and indigenous populations, women, children, adolescents, older persons, persons
with disabilities and persons with HIV/AIDS.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoList style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; mso-list: none"><FONT face=Arial
size=2><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">c. </SPAN></SPAN></FONT><I><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-STYLE: italic; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Acceptability</SPAN></I><I><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-STYLE: italic; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">.</SPAN></I><SPAN
lang=EN-GB style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> All health facilities, goods and
services must respect the culture of individuals, minorities, peoples and
communities, and </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">be
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">sensitive to gender
and life-cycle requirements. They must observe medical ethics including
confidentiality.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoList style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; mso-list: none"><SPAN
class=GramE><FONT face=Arial size=2><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">d. </SPAN></SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-STYLE: italic; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Quality</SPAN></I></SPAN><I><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-STYLE: italic; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">.</SPAN></I><SPAN
lang=EN-GB style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> As well as being culturally
acceptable, health facilities, goods and services must also be scientifically
and medically appropriate and of good quality. </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText><FONT face=Arial size=2><o:p> </o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">A key aspect of the right to health is the
participation of the population in health-related decision-making at the
community, national and international levels.</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoCaption><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT face=Arial
size=3><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Why campaign for the Right to
Health?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">As part of our constitutional commitment to
realizing rights, the promotion of the right to health is a key obligation for
the state and civil society. Health is one of a range of socio-economic rights,
all interdependent and indivisible, essential for human well-being and
development. For example, any attempts to meet the objectives of the Millennium
Development Goals will have to do so by advancing the right to health, without
which its ambitious targets cannot be met. </SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial size=2><o:p> </o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Unfortunately, we continue to see incidents
where people’s rights to health are violated. <SPAN class=GramE>A campaign that
focuses on the right to health will help to identify system failures, secure
redress for those unfairly treated, and prevent</SPAN> future abuses from taking
place. </SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoCaption><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT face=Arial
size=3><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Who would host the
campaign?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial size=2><o:p> </o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><o:wrapblock><v:shape id="_x0000_s1037"
type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:9.35pt;margin-top:141.1pt;width:495.55pt;height:27pt;z-index:2'
fillcolor="#84e5f8" stroked="f">
<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1037'>
<![if !mso]>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
<tr>
<td><![endif]>
<div>
<p class=TblPara style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><font size=1
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Critical
Health Perspectives is a publication of the Peoples Health Movement-South <span
class=GramE>Africa<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>(</span>PHM-SA).
However, the views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the view of
all those who have identified with PHM-SA. For further information see:
http:///www.phmovement.org<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]></v:textbox>
<w:wrap type="topAndBottom"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><SPAN style="mso-ignore: vglayout">
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD width=12 height=0></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD></TD>
<TD><IMG height=40
alt="Text Box: Critical Health Perspectives is a publication of the Peoples Health Movement-South Africa (PHM-SA). However, the views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the view of all those who have identified with PHM-SA. For further information see: http:///www.phmovement.org
"
src="cid:02d901c63789$a25bcbd0$0800000a@acm" width=665
v:shapes="_x0000_s1037"></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></SPAN><![endif]><!--[if gte vml 1]></o:wrapblock><![endif]--><BR
style="mso-ignore: vglayout" clear=all><FONT face=Arial size=2>Although the
campaign has been initiated by the People’s Health Movement, we believe that it
should be owned by a coalition of civil society and other groups who believe in
its objectives and philosophy. We are therefore starting a process of
consultation involving as wide a range of organizations as possible. Like the
Poverty Hearings, hosted jointly by the SA Human Rights Commission and SANGOCO
in 1998, we believe partnerships between civil society groups and state bodies
responsible for human rights can play an important role in advancing the
realization of socio-economic rights in
</FONT><st1:country-region><st1:place>South
Africa</st1:place></st1:country-region>.</P>
<P class=MsoCaption><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT face=Arial
size=3><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">What form would the campaign
take?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial size=2><o:p> </o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">We envisage that the campaign would take a
similar approach to the Poverty Hearings held some years ago. We would work to
solicit testimony from ordinary South Africans who have experienced violations
of their right to health both within the health care system and outside. We
would also solicit accounts of positive steps taken to advance the right to
health across a range of settings. The campaign would require careful planning,
be timed to raise awareness prior to the hearings stage, and have sufficient
broad-based participation to make it a powerful voice to policy makers.
</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoCaption><SPAN class=GramE><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT face=Arial size=3><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">The objectives
of the campaign?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoList
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; tab-stops: list .25in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo27"><![if !supportLists]><FONT
face=Arial size=2><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<FONT face="Times New Roman" size=1><SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT><![endif]><SPAN lang=EN-GB>The campaign would
aim to raise awareness in </SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN
lang=EN-GB>South Africa</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN lang=EN-GB>
of what the right to health entails and advance people’s understanding of how
this right can be made a reality, not just in health care, but also in the
provision of services that generate the conditions necessary for good
health.</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoList style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; tab-stops: list .25in"><![if !supportLists]><FONT
face=Arial size=2><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<FONT face="Times New Roman" size=1><SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT><![endif]><SPAN lang=EN-GB>We also anticipate
that the campaign might spur the strengthening of civil society organizations in
health. Currently, civil society in the health sector is much weaker than in the
1980’s when organizations campaigning for the right to health were a central
component of the mass democratic movement. The campaign will help to
re-establish vibrant civil society groups in the health sector.</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoList style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; tab-stops: list .25in"><![if !supportLists]><FONT
face=Arial size=2><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial"><SPAN
style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<FONT face="Times New Roman" size=1><SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT><![endif]><SPAN lang=EN-GB>The campaign would
enable South African organizations to link up with international networks of
like-minded health groups as part of the campaign, thereby building
international solidarity and capacity to advance the right to
health.</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote-list"><![if !supportFootnotes]><BR clear=all>
<HR align=left width="33%" SIZE=1>
<![endif]>
<DIV id=ftn1 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1"
href="#_ftnref1" name=_ftn1><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SUP><FONT
face=Garamond size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN
style="mso-special-character: footnote"><![if !supportFootnotes]><SPAN
class=MsoFootnoteReference><SUP><FONT face=Garamond size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[1]</SPAN></FONT></SUP></SPAN><![endif]></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></SUP></SPAN></A>
<SPAN class=MsoHyperlink><U><FONT
color=blue>www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_cescr.htm</FONT></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn2 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2"
href="#_ftnref2" name=_ftn2><SPAN class=MsoHyperlink><U><FONT face=Garamond
color=blue size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN
style="mso-special-character: footnote"><![if !supportFootnotes]><SPAN
class=MsoHyperlink><U><FONT face=Garamond color=blue size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[2]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN><![endif]></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></A><SPAN
class=MsoHyperlink><U><FONT color=blue><A
href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(symbol)/E.C.12.2000.4.En">www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(symbol)/E.C.12.2000.4.En</A>?OpenDocument<o:p></o:p></FONT></U></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></BODY></HTML>