<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:x="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:excel" xmlns:p="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:powerpoint" xmlns:dt="uuid:C2F41010-65B3-11d1-A29F-00AA00C14882" xmlns:oa="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:activation" xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40" xmlns:st1="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head>
<meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=us-ascii">
<meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 11 (filtered medium)">
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="City"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="PlaceName"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="PlaceType"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="place"/>
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
st1\:*{behavior:url(#default#ieooui) }
</style>
<![endif]-->
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:GillSans-Bold;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
span.EmailStyle17
{mso-style-type:personal;
font-family:Arial;
color:windowtext;}
span.EmailStyle18
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:Arial;
color:navy;}
@page Section1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
-->
</style>
</head>
<body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple>
<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=1 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'>From:
David McDaid - LSE Health and Social Care<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><b><font size=2 color=maroon
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:maroon;
font-weight:bold'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><b><font size=2 color=maroon
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:maroon;
font-weight:bold'>What is the evidence on effectiveness of empowerment to
improve health?<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=1 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'>Nina
Wallerstein Professor and Director Masters in Public Health Program, School of
Medicine - <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType>
of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">New Mexico</st1:PlaceName></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><st1:City w:st="on"><b><font
size=2 color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:#333399;font-weight:bold'>Copenhagen</span></font></b></st1:City><b><font
size=2 color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:#333399;font-weight:bold'>, WHO Regional Office for <st1:place
w:st="on">Europe</st1:place> -Health Evidence Network Report - February 2006<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'>Website:
<a
href="http://www.who.dk/eprise/main/WHO/Progs/HEN/Syntheses/empowerment/20060119_10"><font
color="#333399"><span style='color:#333399'>http://www.who.dk/eprise/main/WHO/Progs/HEN/Syntheses/empowerment/20060119_10</span></font></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><b><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399;
font-weight:bold'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'>Available
online as PDF file [37p.] at: <a href="http://www.who.dk/Document/E88086.pdf"><font
color="#333399"><span style='color:#333399'>http://www.who.dk/Document/E88086.pdf</span></font></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'>“….A
new report from the Health Evidence Network shows that empowering socially
excluded populations is a viable strategy for improving health. While
participatory processes make up the base of empowerment, strategies must also
build community organizations and individuals capacity to participate in
decision-making and advocacy…..”<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><br>
The issue<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'>“…..Within
the last decades, social exclusion, disparities, and absolute poverty –
almost 3 billion people living on less than US $2.00 per day – have grown
despite globalization and rising per-capita income in many developing nations.
Income ratios of the richest 20% of the population to the poorest 20% are now
at 82 to 1 compared to 30 to 1 in 1960. World-wide health disparities are
increasing due to vulnerability to disease from severe malnutrition, rapid
re-emergence of water and blood-borne infectious diseases, environmental
degradation, disinvestment in the health infrastructure and violence.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'>Within
this same period, empowerment strategies, participation, and other bottom-up
approaches have become prominent paradigms within public health and the
development aid for reducing these disparities. As “empowerment”
increasingly enters mainstream discourse, those using the term need to clarify
definitions, dimensions and outcomes of the range of interventions called
empowering…..”<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><b><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399;
font-weight:bold'>Content:<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><a
href="http://www.who.dk/HEN/Syntheses/empowerment/20060119_10"><font
color="#333399"><span style='color:#333399'>Summary</span></font></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><a
href="http://www.who.dk/HEN/Syntheses/empowerment/20060119_8"><font
color="#333399"><span style='color:#333399'>Introduction</span></font></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><a
href="http://www.who.dk/HEN/Syntheses/empowerment/20060119_4"><font
color="#333399"><span style='color:#333399'>Findings</span></font></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><a
href="http://www.who.dk/HEN/Syntheses/empowerment/20060119_3"><font
color="#333399"><span style='color:#333399'>Discussion and Conclusions</span></font></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><a
href="http://www.who.dk/HEN/Syntheses/empowerment/20060119_2"><font
color="#333399"><span style='color:#333399'>Annex 1. Empowerment and related
concepts: definitions and dimensions</span></font></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><a
href="http://www.who.dk/HEN/Syntheses/empowerment/20060119_1"><font
color="#333399"><span style='color:#333399'>Annex 2. Evaluation of empowerment</span></font></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><a
href="http://www.who.dk/HEN/Syntheses/empowerment/20060124_1"><font
color="#333399"><span style='color:#333399'>Figure 1: Pathways to empowerment
[pdf, 110KB]</span></font></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><a
href="http://www.who.dk/HEN/Syntheses/empowerment/20060119_11"><font
color="#333399"><span style='color:#333399'>Figure 2: Pathways to health</span></font></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><a
href="http://www.who.dk/HEN/Syntheses/empowerment/20060118_1"><font
color="#333399"><span style='color:#333399'>References</span></font></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><b><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399;
font-weight:bold'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
12.0pt;margin-left:.5in'><font size=3 color="#333399" face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:#333399'> </span></font><font size=2
color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'>* *
* * </span></font><font color="#333399"><span
style='color:#333399'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=1 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'>This message from the Pan American Health Organization,
PAHO/WHO, is part of an effort to disseminate <br>
information Related to: Equity; Health inequality; Socioeconomic inequality in
health; Socioeconomic <br>
health differentials; Gender; Violence; Poverty; Health Economics; Health
Legislation; Ethnicity; Ethics; <br>
Information Technology - Virtual libraries; Research & Science
issues. [DD/ IKM Area] </span></font><font color="#333399"><span
lang=EN-GB style='color:#333399'> </span><o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=1 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'>“Materials provided in this electronic list are provided
"as is".Unless expressly stated otherwise, the findings <br>
and interpretations included in the Materials are those of the authors and not
necessarily of The Pan American <br>
Health Organization PAHO/WHO or its country members”.</span></font><font
size=1 color="#333399" face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Arial;color:#333399'> <br>
</span></font><font size=1 color="#333399" face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'>---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></font><font
color="#333399"><span lang=EN-GB style='color:#333399'> </span><o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=1 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'>PAHO/WHO Website: <a href="http://www.paho.org/"
title="http://www.paho.org/"><font color="#333399" title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
style='color:#333399'><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/"><span
title="http://www.paho.org/"><span title="http://www.paho.org/">http://www.paho.org/</span></span></span></font></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></font><font color="#333399"><span style='color:#333399'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=1 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'>EQUITY List - Archives - Join/remove: <a
href="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><font color="#333399"
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span style='color:#333399'><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html">http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html</span></span></span></font></span></span></a></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p>
</span>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><font size=2
color="#333399" face=Arial
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></font></p>
</span></span>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><font size=2
color="#333399" face=Arial
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></font></p>
</span>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><font size=1
color="#333399" face=GillSans-Bold
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span
title="http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:GillSans-Bold;color:#333399'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></font></p>
</span></span>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</span></span></span></div>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</body>
</html>