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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><b><font
size=2 color=maroon face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:maroon;font-weight:bold'>Changing Social Institutions to Improve the
Status of Women in Developing Countries<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><b><font
size=2 color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:#333399;font-weight:bold'>Johannes Jütting and Christian Morrisson<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><b><font
size=2 color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:#333399;font-weight:bold'>Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD) POLICY BRIEF No. 27 - 2005<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><font size=2
color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><font size=2
color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'>Available online at: <a
href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/24/32/35155725.pdf"><font color="#333399"><span
style='color:#333399'>http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/24/32/35155725.pdf</span></font></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><font size=2
color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'>“…..To address gender inequality in a country
properly requires knowledge of the sources and the depth of discrimination.
Valid indicators that capture various aspects of gender inequality are
indispensable for informed policy making. The existing indicators tend to focus
on gender disparities related to access to education, health care, political
representation, earnings or income and so forth.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><font size=2
color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><font size=2
color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'>The aggregate indices that have received the most attention are
the UNDP’s Gender Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment
Measure (GEM). The UNDP’s Human Development Reports cover both regularly
for individual countries. The GDI is an unweighted average of three indices
that measure gender differences in terms of life expectancy at birth, gross
enrolment and literacy rates and earned income. The GEM is an unweighted
average of three other variables reflecting the importance of women in society.
They include the percentage of women in parliament, the male/female ratio among
administrators, managers and professional and technical workers, and the
female/male GDP per capita ratio calculated from female and male shares of
earned income.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><font size=2
color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'>Both of these indices have a fundamental problem. They measure
the results of gender discrimination rather than attempt to understand its
underlying causes. The school enrolment ratio and the percentage of women among
managers, for example, are useful in comparing different country situations,
but neither explains why these differences arise. They ignore the institutional
frameworks that govern the behaviour of people and hence the treatment of
women. In most developing countries, especially poor ones, cultural practices,
traditions, customs and social norms hold the keys to understanding the roots
of gender discrimination….”<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><font size=2
color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><b><font
size=2 color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:#333399;font-weight:bold'>Content: <o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><font size=1
color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'>Introduction <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><font size=1
color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'>Discrimination against Women World-wide: Concept, Causes and
Consequences <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><font size=1
color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'>Obstacles and Solutions for Reforming Social Institutions <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><font size=1
color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'>How Can Donors Assist in Challenging Discriminatory Social
Institutions in Developing Countries? <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><font size=1
color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'>Conclusions <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><font size=1
color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'>Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><font size=2
color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-autospace:none'><font size=2
color="#333399" face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
12.0pt;margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color="#333399" face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'>*
* * * </span></font><font
color="#333399"><span style='color:#333399'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=1 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'>This message from the Pan American Health Organization,
PAHO/WHO, is part of an effort to disseminate <br>
information Related to: Equity; Health inequality; Socioeconomic inequality in
health; Socioeconomic <br>
health differentials; Gender; Violence; Poverty; Health Economics; Health
Legislation; Ethnicity; Ethics; <br>
Information Technology - Virtual libraries; Research & Science
issues. [DD/ IKM Area] </span></font><font color="#333399"><span
lang=EN-GB style='color:#333399'> </span><o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=1 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial;
color:#333399'>“Materials provided in this electronic list are provided
"as is".Unless expressly stated otherwise, the findings <br>
and interpretations included in the Materials are those of the authors and not
necessarily of The Pan American <br>
Health Organization PAHO/WHO or its country members”.</span></font><font
size=1 color="#333399" face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Arial;color:#333399'> <br>
</span></font><font size=1 color="#333399" face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial;color:#333399'>---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></font><font
color="#333399"><span lang=EN-GB style='color:#333399'> </span><o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=1 color="#333399"
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial;
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