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<DIV><B>From:</B> <A title=ruglucia@PAHO.ORG
href="mailto:ruglucia@PAHO.ORG">Ruggiero, Mrs. Ana Lucia (WDC)</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"> </DIV>
<DIV class=Section1>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><B><FONT face=Arial color=maroon
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: maroon; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Poverty
Alleviation through Geographic Targeting: How Much Does Disaggregation Help?
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=navy
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=navy
size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Chris
Elbers, Tomoki Fujii, Peter Lanjouw, Wesley Yin, and Berk Özler
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><B><FONT face=Arial color=navy
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">World
Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3419, October
2004<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=navy
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=navy
size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Available
online as PDF file [42p.] at: <A
href="http://econ.worldbank.org/files/39003_wps3419.pdf"><FONT color=navy><SPAN
style="COLOR: navy">http://econ.worldbank.org/files/39003_wps3419.pdf</SPAN></FONT></A>
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=navy
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=navy
size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">“……..Using
recently completed “poverty maps” for <st1:country-region
w:st="on">Cambodia</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region
w:st="on">Ecuador</st1:country-region>, and <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">Madagascar</st1:country-region></st1:place>, the authors simulate the
impact on poverty of transferring an exogenously given budget to geographically
defined subgroups of the population according to their relative poverty status.
They find large gains from targeting smaller administrative units, such as
districts or villages. But these gains are still far from the poverty reduction
that would be possible had the planners had access to information on household
level income or consumption. The results suggest that a useful way forward might
be to combine fine geographic targeting using a poverty map with
within-community targeting mechanisms. …..”<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Arial color=navy
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><o:p>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> Commetary: </SPAN>Many currently proposed
approaches to resolve health problems, including those of the WB, focus on
targeting.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>It is a fallacy to
propose targeting as an alternative to PHC as originally conceived in Alma Ata
25 years ago. Individual targeting is equivalent to the discredited Selective
PHC approach: “Go for the worst cases, fix them, and improve the statistics”.
But where are the sustainable changes to avoid the recurrence of the same
problems to be seen? Targeting keeps a semblance of equity. Targeting can and
does stigmatize the poor creating second-class citizen that can be
manipulated. Individual targeting is not a substitute for a more
redistributive public policy.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Geographic targeting has probably more potential. <SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Starting with targeting interventions as
the central thrust to achieve equity is the wrong approach; it pursues what is
rather a ‘mirage of equity’. It tacitly blames the most vulnerable for being
where they are and tends them a rescuing hand.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"></SPAN></FONT></B><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT
color=#000000>Let inputs on ways out of non-equity-redressing targeting schemes
come from the more directly affected themselves. Devoting our energies to
facilitate such a process will be a big leap forward for all of
us.</FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT
color=#000000 size=2>Claudio</FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT
color=#000000 size=2><A
href="mailto:claudio@hcmc.netnam.vn">claudio@hcmc.netnam.vn</A>
</FONT></SPAN></B></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV></BODY></HTML>