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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><b><font size=2 color=maroon
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:maroon;
font-weight:bold'>Advancing the Research Agenda on Violence Against Women </span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><br>
Candace Kruttschnitt, Brenda L. McLaughlin, and Carol V. Petrie, editors,
Steering Committee for the Workshop on Issues in Research on Violence Against
Women, National Research Council<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>US National Academy of Sciences, 2004</span></b></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> </span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Available online at: <a
href="http://www.nap.edu/books/0309091098/html/">http://www.nap.edu/books/0309091098/html/</a>
</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> </span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>“……….The
information on prevalence and incidence (rates of new cases) is inadequate.
Current prevalence information has been derived from methodologically disparate
survey data. Survey research has been instrumental in setting some
parameters for the scope of two types of violence intimate-partner
violence and sexual assault. Nevertheless, survey research has been less
successful in providing reliable estimates of the prevalence and incidence of
such violence, as well as information about the context in which it occurs, its
developmental patterns over time, and the ways in which women's victimization
experiences may be linked to women's offending behaviors. </span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> </span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Only a handful of current
surveys that collect self-report victimization information from women are
continuous; most have varied in the sampling frames and survey instruments
used, and most were designed with other purposes in mind. If trends are to be
estimated and the general effectiveness of interventions assessed, prevalence
data must be improved. The committee recommends a more coordinated research
strategy to help remedy this problem. </span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> </span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>This effort should
include creating a framework for developing standard definitions to overcome
the lack of conceptual and operational clarity, comparable samples, and
interview protocols.This assessment might also show whether linking existing</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>data can provide more
information on the risks of, responses to, and consequences of violence against
women and the impacts of interventions.</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> </span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>A growing body of
empirical evidence reveals that perpetrators of violence against women commonly
have histories of violence and conduct problems outside of intimate
relationships; the same is also true for women who perpetrate violent behavior.
However, there is no longitudinal sample of the U.S. population currently
examining causes of violence against or by women.</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> </span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Recent studies on
interpersonal violence among strangers illustrate the confluence of several
contextual factors including motivation, perceptions of risk and opportunity,
and social control attributes of the setting that shapes the decision to
perpetrate a violent event, as well as its outcome. To understand the catalyst
for a violent event among intimates, researchers must examine male-female
relationships, perceived imbalances in power, control dynamics, identity
threats, relationship problems, and communication patterns. Such event-based
research would complement studies of the individual propensities of offenders,
focusing instead on the occurrence of violence by identifying the specific
conditions that channel individual motivation and predispositions into violent
actions, as well as the responses of the justice and health care systems and
the community. </span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> </span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><b><font size=2 color=navy
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;
font-weight:bold'>Social and Spatial Epidemiology of Violence: </span></font></b><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>The committee believes that current prevalence estimates for acts
of stranger-perpetrated violence such as robbery, assault, and rape may be
conservative for the neighborhoods in which poor women of color live, and that
this exposure to violence by strangers may contribute to factors that
characterize violent offending by women. Even intimate-partner violence appears
to be susceptible to neighborhood effects. The committee</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>recommends research to
estimate the extent of variation in violence against women among census tracts
or small neighborhoods, police precincts or districts, or other theoretically
meaningful social area aggregations. Research should also be aimed at
determining which features of area composition influence rates and types of
violence against women.</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> </span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Understanding the social
structural, social organizational, and social control capacities of
neighborhoods is critical to explaining differences in rates of violence
against women. This research should compare data across gender in order to
determine any differences between male victimization and violence against
women.</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> </span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><b><font size=2 color=navy
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;
font-weight:bold'>Distribution of Services</span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Availability of services
has been linked to variation in rates of intimate-partner homicides against women.
The committee recommends that research examine whether access to local services
can affect localized rates of intimate-partner violence, and consider
implications for planning and locating preventive services. Research should
examine, for example, the relationship between violence "hot spots"
and service locations to assess distances that pose barriers to the prevention
or deterrence of intimate-partner violence. Research on the locations of other
services, including counseling centers and medical services, should examine
this relationship as well.</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> </span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Social ecological factors
may affect not only rates of violence, but also the efficacy of legal sanctions
and social iterventions. The committee recommends that research examine the
covariation of individual and social area factors with the responses of both
victims and offenders to legal sanctions and social interventions directed at
violence against women. </span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> </span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><b><font size=2 color=navy
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;
font-weight:bold'>Data Needs</span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>To create a data
infrastructure that can incorporate social ecological factors, modifications
will be needed in the sampling strategies used in survey research and
epidemiological studies. Stratified sampling designs in survey and
epidemiological research should include samples of social areas as well as of
individuals within areas. The selection of social areas, along with the types
of data collected, should reflect theoretical questions. For example, studies
of informal social control should include survey data from individuals within
the salient areas who can report on social organization and dynamic processes
of social control. …………..”</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> </span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><b><font size=2 color=navy
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;
font-weight:bold'>Content:<br>
</span></font></b><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Executive Summary</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>1 Introduction</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>2 Nature and Scope of
Violence Against Women</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>3 Social Ecological Risks
of Violence Against Women</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>4 Prevention and
Deterrence</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>5 Identifying and
Treating Offenders</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>6 The Future of Research
on Violence Against Women: Final Thoughts</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>
References</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> Appendix
A: Biographical Sketches</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> Appendix
B: Workshop Agenda</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> Appendix
C: Commissioned Papers</span></font></p>
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